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Article

A Minimally Invasive Microsensor Specially Designed for Simultaneous Dissolved Oxygen and pH Biofilm Profiling

by
Xavier Guimerà
1,
Ana Moya
2,3,
Antonio David Dorado
1,
Xavi Illa
2,3,
Rosa Villa
2,3,
David Gabriel
4,
Xavier Gamisans
1 and
Gemma Gabriel
2,3,*
1
Department of Mining Industrial and ICT Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Avinguda de les Bases de Manresa 61-73, 08242 Manresa, Spain
2
Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
3
CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain
4
GENOCOV Research Group, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2019, 19(21), 4747; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214747
Submission received: 27 September 2019 / Revised: 18 October 2019 / Accepted: 30 October 2019 / Published: 1 November 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrochemical Sensors and Environmental Monitoring)
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Abstract

A novel sensing device for simultaneous dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH monitoring specially designed for biofilm profiling is presented in this work. This device enabled the recording of instantaneous DO and pH dynamic profiles within biofilms, improving the tools available for the study and the characterization of biological systems. The microsensor consisted of two parallel arrays of microelectrodes. Microelectrodes used for DO sensing were bare gold electrodes, while microelectrodes used for pH sensing were platinum-based electrodes modified using electrodeposited iridium oxide. The device was fabricated with a polyimide (Kapton®) film of 127 µm as a substrate for minimizing the damage caused on the biofilm structure during its insertion. The electrodes were covered with a Nafion® layer to increase sensor stability and repeatability and to avoid electrode surface fouling. DO microelectrodes showed a linear response in the range 0–8 mg L−1, a detection limit of 0.05 mg L−1, and a sensitivity of 2.06 nA L mg−1. pH electrodes showed a linear super-Nernstian response (74.2 ± 0.7 mV/pH unit) in a wide pH range (pH 4−9). The multi-analyte sensor array was validated in a flat plate bioreactor where simultaneous and instantaneous pH and DO profiles within a sulfide oxidizing biofilm were recorded. The electrodes spatial resolution, the monitoring sensitivity, and the minimally invasive features exhibited by the proposed microsensor improved biofilm monitoring performance, enabling the quantification of mass transfer resistances and the assessment of biological activity.
Keywords: DO microsensor; pH microsensor; multi-analyte sensor; MEMS technology; biofilm profiling; biofilm monitoring DO microsensor; pH microsensor; multi-analyte sensor; MEMS technology; biofilm profiling; biofilm monitoring
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MDPI and ACS Style

Guimerà, X.; Moya, A.; Dorado, A.D.; Illa, X.; Villa, R.; Gabriel, D.; Gamisans, X.; Gabriel, G. A Minimally Invasive Microsensor Specially Designed for Simultaneous Dissolved Oxygen and pH Biofilm Profiling. Sensors 2019, 19, 4747. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214747

AMA Style

Guimerà X, Moya A, Dorado AD, Illa X, Villa R, Gabriel D, Gamisans X, Gabriel G. A Minimally Invasive Microsensor Specially Designed for Simultaneous Dissolved Oxygen and pH Biofilm Profiling. Sensors. 2019; 19(21):4747. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214747

Chicago/Turabian Style

Guimerà, Xavier, Ana Moya, Antonio David Dorado, Xavi Illa, Rosa Villa, David Gabriel, Xavier Gamisans, and Gemma Gabriel. 2019. "A Minimally Invasive Microsensor Specially Designed for Simultaneous Dissolved Oxygen and pH Biofilm Profiling" Sensors 19, no. 21: 4747. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214747

APA Style

Guimerà, X., Moya, A., Dorado, A. D., Illa, X., Villa, R., Gabriel, D., Gamisans, X., & Gabriel, G. (2019). A Minimally Invasive Microsensor Specially Designed for Simultaneous Dissolved Oxygen and pH Biofilm Profiling. Sensors, 19(21), 4747. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214747

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