Developments in the HCV Screening Technologies Based on the Detection of Antigens and Antibodies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. HCV Proteins and Their Functions
3. Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA)
3.1. Anti-HCV Antibody Detection
3.2. Core Antigen Detection
3.3. Multiple Antigen Detection
4. Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (CIA)
4.1. Anti-Hcv Antibody Detection
4.2. Core Antigen Detection
5. Rapid Immunoassays (RIA)
5.1. Anti-HCV Antibody Detection
5.2. Core Antigen Detection
6. Recombinant Immunoblot Assay (RIBA)
7. Electrochemical Immunosensors (EI)
7.1. Anti-HCV Antibody Detection
7.2. Core Antigen Detection
7.3. Detection of Other Antigens
8. Nanotechnology
8.1. Anti-HCV Antibody Detection
8.2. Core Antigen Detection
8.3. Detection of Other Antigens
9. Lateral Flow Assay (LFA)
9.1. Anti-HCV Antibody Detection
9.2. Core Antigen Detection
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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HCV Proteins | Genetic Stability | Function | Molar Mass | HCV Antigen Detection? | Anti-HCV Antibody Detection? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Structural Proteins | |||||
Core (C): P22 | Stable | A significant component of viral nucleocapsid, Binds viral RNA during assembly | 20 KDa [26] | Yes [27] | Yes [28] |
E: gp 35 envelope glycoproteins | A high degree of genetic diversity | Receptor binding and HCV entry into target cells | 31 kDa [26] | Yes [27] | - |
E2: gp 70 envelope glycoproteins | 62 kDa [26] | Yes [29,30] | - | ||
Non-Structural Proteins | |||||
NS1: p7 small polypeptide | Stable | Ion channel localized to plasma membrane | 7 KDa [24] | - | - |
NS2: p23 | - | Component of NS2-3 proteinase | 21 KDa [24] | - | - |
NS3: p70 | - | Serine protease and RNA helicase | 69 KDa [24] | Yes [31] | Yes [7] |
NS4A: p8 | Stable | Protease cofactor | 6 KDa [24] | - | Yes [32] |
NS4B: p27 | Stable | Proteins | 27 KDa [24] | - | Yes [7] |
Components of the viral replicase complex | |||||
NS5A:p56/58 | Stable | Cofactor for NS5B | 56 KDa [24] | Yes [33] | Yes [7] |
Regulate response to INF-α treatment | |||||
NS5B: p68 | Stable | RNA dependent polymerase | 68 KDa [24] | - | Yes [7] |
Technology | HCV Proteins | Core | E1 | E2 | NS1 | NS2 | NS3 | NS4A | NS4 | NS5A | NS5B | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EIA | Ab | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [31,47,48] | ||||
Ag | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||
CIA | Ab | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [28,35,49,50] | |||||
Ag | ✓ | |||||||||||
RA | Ab | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [21,51] | ||||||
Ag | ||||||||||||
RIBA | Ab | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [30,52] | |||
Ag | ||||||||||||
EI | Ab | [52] | ||||||||||
Ag | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||
NT | Ab | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [53,54,55,56] | |||||||
Ag | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||
LFA | Ab | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [57,58] | |||||||
Ag | ✓ | |||||||||||
ABA | Ab | [29,59,60] | ||||||||||
Ag | ✓ | ✓ |
Assay | Assay Principle | Solid Phase | HCV Antigen | Reaction Time (min) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Architect Anti-HCV, Abbott Laboratories | ECIA | Paramagnetic Particles | Core, NS3, NS4 | 29 |
The LIAISON® XL murex HCV Ab, DiaSorin | CIA | Paramagnetic Particles | Core, NS3, NS4 | 46 |
Vitros Anti-HCV, Ortho Clinical Diagnostics | CIA | Microwell | Core, NS3, NS4, NS5 | 55 |
Elecsys Anti-HCV, Roche Diagnostics | ECA | Paramagnetic Particles | Core, NS3, NS4 | 18 |
ADVIA Centaur HCV Assay, Siemens | CIA | Magnetic Particles | C22-3 (core), NS3, c200, NS5 | 58 |
Access HCV Ab PLUS, Bio-Rad Laboratories | CIA | Paramagnetic Particles | Core, NS3, NS4, NS5 | 55 |
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Warkad, S.D.; Song, K.-S.; Pal, D.; Nimse, S.B. Developments in the HCV Screening Technologies Based on the Detection of Antigens and Antibodies. Sensors 2019, 19, 4257. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194257
Warkad SD, Song K-S, Pal D, Nimse SB. Developments in the HCV Screening Technologies Based on the Detection of Antigens and Antibodies. Sensors. 2019; 19(19):4257. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194257
Chicago/Turabian StyleWarkad, Shrikant Dashrath, Keum-Soo Song, Dilipkumar Pal, and Satish Balasaheb Nimse. 2019. "Developments in the HCV Screening Technologies Based on the Detection of Antigens and Antibodies" Sensors 19, no. 19: 4257. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194257