A Comprehensive Survey of Recent Routing Protocols for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Characteristics of the Underwater Acoustic Channel
2.1. The Speed of Sound in Water
2.2. Attenuation
2.3. Noise
3. Routing Protocols for UWSNs
3.1. Location-Based Routing Schemes
3.1.1. Location-Based Routing with Mobility Consideration
EECAR-AC
EMGGR
Reference | Main Consideration | Next Hop Selection Criteria | Mobility | Location Required | Clustering | Connectivity Void Handling | Sink | Deployment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EECAR-AC [24] | Void Avoidance, Network Lifetime, E2E delay. | Node energy, propagation delay, hop count, channel quality | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Multiple Sink | 3D |
EMGGR [25] | Reliability, Void Avoidance. | Pre-determined multiple node disjoint paths | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Single-sink (Multi-sink can also be used) | 3D |
RBCRP [26] | Load Balancing, reduce outage probability of relay nodes. | SNR, depth, residual energy | Yes | Yes | No | No | Multiple Sinks | 3D |
ECBCCP [27] | Energy conservation, Reliability. | Link quality and hop count | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Multiple Sinks | 3D |
AREP [28] | Void handling, Link asymmetry. | Symmetry of link, Distance from the destination | Yes | yes | No | Yes | Single-sink | 3D |
BLOAD [29] | Energy Holes avoidance, balanced energy consumption. | Distance from sink | Yes | Yes | No | No | Single-sink | 2D |
QERP [30] | Achieve high packet delivery ratio (PDR), low end-to-end delay, and improve network wide energy consumption for real time applications. | Link quality, shortest path | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Single-sink | 3D |
EULC [31] | Hot Spot mitigation, Balanced Energy dissipation, Improved network lifetime. | Residual Energy, Distance from the candidate forwarder to the sink node, distance from the current sender to the candidate forwarder | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Single-sink | 3D |
VA-GMPR [32] | Reliability, Load balancing, void avoidance. | Optimality of Path length | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Single-sink | 3D |
EEDC-AA [33] | Balance energy consumption and prolong underwater network lifetime. Prioritize collected data based on its importance. | Available Energy | Yes | Yes | No | No | Multi-sink | 3D |
P-AUV [34] | Energy efficiency, Low latency. | Distance to the sink node | Yes | Yes | No | No | Multi-sink | 2D |
MFPR [35] | Identify optimal energy-efficient routing coverage set. | Optimal route selection based on location of nodes and available energy | Yes | Yes | No | No | Multi-sink | 3D |
JREM [36] | Increase network lifetime by avoiding Energy Holes and balancing energy consumption. | Probability of Successful reception, Load Weights (derived to achieve balanced energy consumption) | No | Yes | No | Yes | Single-sink | 2D |
DCMIBM [37] | Propose an optimal node placement scheme and a clustering scheme to increase lifetime of the network by controlling energy consumption. | CHs act as relays. CHs are selected based on available energy and location of candidate sensor node within its cluster | No | Yes | Yes | NA | Single-sink | 3D |
EBOR [38] | Energy consumption, network lifetime Reliability, PDR. | Residual Energy, Packet delivery probability Efficient transmission distance | No | Yes | No | No | Multi-sink | 3D |
ACUN [39] | Selection of appropriate node as CH based on residual energy distance from sink, Selection of appropriate next hop to minimize energy consumption. | Estimated Energy Consumption of the sender (based on distance from the candidate node) | No | Yes | yes | yes | Single-sink | 3D |
CSQSR [40] | Guarantee application-specific QoS, while also maximizing the network lifetime. | Node Position/Location Throughput (QoS parameters) | No | Yes | No | No | NA | 3D |
PCR [41] | Reliable and energy-efficient data delivery using combination of Transmission Power control and opportunistic routing. | Reduction in overall energy cost, Improvement in Packet Delivery Probability | No | Yes | No | Yes | Multi-sink | 3D |
EGBLOAD [42] | Load balancing, void management. | Available energy and distance of the forwarder from sink | No | Yes | No | Yes | Multi-sink | 3D |
BEAR [43] | Mitigating imbalanced and inefficient energy consumption. | Residual energy, depth | No | Yes | No | Yes | Single-sink | 2D |
RPO [44] | Energy Efficiency, Reliability. | NA | No | Yes | No | NA | Multi-sink | 2D |
RBCRP
ECBCCP
AREP
BLOAD
QERP
EULC
VA-GMPR
EEDC-AA
P-AUV
MFPR
3.1.2. Location-Based Routing without Mobility Consideration
JREM
DCMIBM
EBOR
ACUN
CSQSR
PCR
EGBLOAD
BEAR
SiM-RPO & CoSiM-RPO
3.2. Localization-Free Routing Schemes
3.2.1. Localization-Free Routing Schemes with Mobility Consideration
EVA-DBR
EECOR
MMS
SUN
EAVARP
Co-EEORS
SORP
RMCN
RECRP
LF-IEHM
EDBF
RE-PBR
DQELR
TBRS
RAR & RACAA
EP-VIR-3 & BF-SPR-3
3.2.2. Localization-free Routing Schemes without mobility consideration
EnOR
QA DFR AA & QA DFR TA
JARDCM
HYDRO
DVOR
DMR & CoDMR
GEDPAR & E2EVHR
CACR
CEETHCoR
Ref # | Main Consideration | Next Hop Selection Criteria | Mobility | Location Required | Clustering | Connectivity Void Handling | Sink | Deployment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EVA-DBR [45] | Detect and bypass the trapped and void nodes in UWSNs. | Depth, distance from the current sender, should not be a void node or trapped node. | Yes | No | No | Yes | Multi-sink | 3D |
EECOR [46] | Energy Efficiency | Depth, Energy Consumption Ratio (i.e., ratio of the residual and initial energy), Packet delivery probability of the forwarder | Yes | No | No | No | Single-sink | 3D |
MMS [47] | Energy Efficiency, Packet delivery ratio | Depth/hop count | Yes | No | No | No | Multi-sink | 3D |
SUN [48] | Improve routing for networks with unreliable links and mobile nodes | Hop count or SNR | Yes | No | No | No | Multi-sink | 3D |
EAVARP [49] | Balanced load distribution, void avoidance and network lifetime | Transmission capacity (i.e., the node selected as relay should have enough residual energy for transmission, and it should not be a void node) | Yes | No | No | Yes | Multi-sink | 3D |
Co-EEORS [50] | Reliability, improved Energy efficiency | Depth and location value (location value does not refer to the geographic location of a sensor node, but is measured in terms of a node’s distance from the surface sink node) | yes | No | No | No | Single-sink | 3D |
SORP [51] | Void Handling | Depth, the node in question should not be a void or trapped node, and it should be located in the forwarding area | Yes | No | No | Yes | Multi-sink | 3D |
RMCN [52] | Facilitate network operations for longer periods in risky areas | Residual Energy Distance between Sender and candidate forwarder depth | Yes | No | No | No | Multi-sink | 3D |
RECRP [53] | Reduce and balance Energy consumption | Node Level (min hop count to sink), Distance between the sender and the forwarder, Residual Energy | Yes | No | No | Yes | Multi-sink | 3D |
LF-IEHM [54] | Void management and interference mitigation | Pressure level (depth) Response time (a function of mainly Distance between sender and the candidate forwarder) | yes | No | No | Yes | Single-sink | 3D |
EDBF [55] | Load Balancing, Void Avoidance | Residual energy, depth, and historical forwarding conditions | Yes | No | No | Yes | Multi-sink | 3D |
RE-PBR [56] | End-to-end delivery, Reliability, load balancing | Depth, Residual Energy, Link Quality | Yes | No | No | No | Multi-sink | 3D |
DQELR [57] | Prolong network lifetime | Q value (which is based on Residual energy, depth) | Yes | No | No | No | Single-sink | 3D |
TBRS [58] | Energy Sink hole problem, load balancing, prolong network lifetime | NA | Yes | No | No | Yes | Single-sink | 2D |
RAR & RACAA [59] | Reliable end-to-end routing | Predetermined paths selected based on highest probability of success, which is a function of path connectivity and channel conditions | Yes | No | No | No | Single-sink | 3D |
EP-VIR-3 & BF-SPR-3 [60] | Energy efficiency, interference-free transmission, void hole avoidance, and high Packet Delivery Ratio | Distance from the sender, hop count from sink, minimum no. of neighbors of forwarder node | Yes | No | No | Yes | Multi-sink | 3D |
EnOR [61] | Extend the network lifetime | Residual Energy, link reliability, depth | No | No | No | No | Multi-sink | 3D |
QA-DFR-AA & QA-DFR-TA [62] | QoS aware Routing, avoid packet collision and redundant packet transmission | NA | No | No | No | No | Single-sink | 2D |
JARDCM [64] | Energy Efficiency, Reliable data delivery | Residual Energy, Depth, Packet advancement, delay | No | No | No | No | Multi-sink | 3D |
HYDRO [65] | Increased network lifetime by exploiting energy harvesting. Improve energy efficiency, latency and PDR. | Residual energy and foreseeable harvestable energy channel quality and a measure of energy availability through the whole route to the sink | No | No | No | No | Single-sink | 3D |
DVOR [66] | Solving Void and long detour problems | Hop count to sink | No | No | No | Yes | Multi-sink | 3D |
DMR & CoDMR [67] | Delay minimization | Distance to the sink node | No | No | No | No | Multi-sink | 3D |
GEDPAR & E2EVHR [68] | Void elimination and network lifetime | Energy consumption | No | No | No | Yes | Multi-sink | 3D |
CACR [71] | Reliable data delivery | Link quality and hop count to destination | No | No | No | No | Single-sink | 3D |
CEETHCoR [72] | Energy Efficiency, Reliability | Link Quality, hop count, Residual Energy | No | No | No | No | Single-sink | 3D |
4. Conclusions
5. Future Work and Challenges
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Islam, T.; Lee, Y.K. A Comprehensive Survey of Recent Routing Protocols for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks. Sensors 2019, 19, 4256. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194256
Islam T, Lee YK. A Comprehensive Survey of Recent Routing Protocols for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks. Sensors. 2019; 19(19):4256. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194256
Chicago/Turabian StyleIslam, Tariq, and Yong Kyu Lee. 2019. "A Comprehensive Survey of Recent Routing Protocols for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks" Sensors 19, no. 19: 4256. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194256