DeepFruits: A Fruit Detection System Using Deep Neural Networks
Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, Australia
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Academic Editors: Gabriel Oliver-Codina, Nuno Gracias and Antonio M. López
Sensors 2016, 16(8), 1222; https://doi.org/10.3390/s16081222
Received: 19 May 2016
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Revised: 25 July 2016
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Accepted: 26 July 2016
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Published: 3 August 2016
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vision-Based Sensors in Field Robotics)
This paper presents a novel approach to fruit detection using deep convolutional neural networks. The aim is to build an accurate, fast and reliable fruit detection system, which is a vital element of an autonomous agricultural robotic platform; it is a key element for fruit yield estimation and automated harvesting. Recent work in deep neural networks has led to the development of a state-of-the-art object detector termed Faster Region-based CNN (Faster R-CNN). We adapt this model, through transfer learning, for the task of fruit detection using imagery obtained from two modalities: colour (RGB) and Near-Infrared (NIR). Early and late fusion methods are explored for combining the multi-modal (RGB and NIR) information. This leads to a novel multi-modal Faster R-CNN model, which achieves state-of-the-art results compared to prior work with the F1 score, which takes into account both precision and recall performances improving from to for the detection of sweet pepper. In addition to improved accuracy, this approach is also much quicker to deploy for new fruits, as it requires bounding box annotation rather than pixel-level annotation (annotating bounding boxes is approximately an order of magnitude quicker to perform). The model is retrained to perform the detection of seven fruits, with the entire process taking four hours to annotate and train the new model per fruit.
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Keywords:
visual fruit detection; deep convolutional neural network; multi-modal; rapid training; real-time performance; harvesting robots; horticulture; agricultural robotics
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MDPI and ACS Style
Sa, I.; Ge, Z.; Dayoub, F.; Upcroft, B.; Perez, T.; McCool, C. DeepFruits: A Fruit Detection System Using Deep Neural Networks. Sensors 2016, 16, 1222. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16081222
AMA Style
Sa I, Ge Z, Dayoub F, Upcroft B, Perez T, McCool C. DeepFruits: A Fruit Detection System Using Deep Neural Networks. Sensors. 2016; 16(8):1222. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16081222
Chicago/Turabian StyleSa, Inkyu, Zongyuan Ge, Feras Dayoub, Ben Upcroft, Tristan Perez, and Chris McCool. 2016. "DeepFruits: A Fruit Detection System Using Deep Neural Networks" Sensors 16, no. 8: 1222. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16081222
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