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• Stelzle, F
• Knipfer, C
• Adler, W
• Rohde, M
• Oetter, N
• Nkenke, E
• Schmidt, M
• Tangermann-Gerk, K
• [+] on Google Scholar
• Stelzle, F
• Knipfer, C
• Adler, W
• Rohde, M
• Oetter, N
• Nkenke, E
• Schmidt, M
• Tangermann-Gerk, K
• [+] on PubMed
• Stelzle, F
• Knipfer, C
• Adler, W
• Rohde, M
• Oetter, N
• Nkenke, E
• Schmidt, M
• Tangermann-Gerk, K

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Sensors 2013, 13(10), 13717-13731; doi:10.3390/s131013717

Article

Tissue Discrimination by Uncorrected Autofluorescence Spectra: A Proof-of-Principle Study for Tissue-Specific Laser Surgery

Florian Stelzle ^1,2, Christian Knipfer ¹, Werner Adler ³, Maximilian Rohde ¹, Nicolai Oetter ¹, Emeka Nkenke ^1,2, Michael Schmidt ^2,4,5 and Katja Tangermann-Gerk ^4,*

¹ Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany ² Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (SAOT), Erlangen 91054, Germany ³ Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany ⁴ Bavarian Laser Center, Erlangen 91054, Germany ⁵ Institute of Photonic Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany

* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Received: 15 July 2013; Accepted: 27 September 2013 / Published: 11 October 2013

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Sensors)

Download PDF Full-Text [343 KB, uploaded 11 October 2013 15:01 CEST]

Abstract: Laser surgery provides a number of advantages over conventional surgery. However, it implies large risks for sensitive tissue structures due to its characteristic non-tissue-specific ablation. The present study investigates the discrimination of nine different ex vivo tissue types by using uncorrected (raw) autofluorescence spectra for the development of a remote feedback control system for tissue-selective laser surgery. Autofluorescence spectra (excitation wavelength 377 ± 50 nm) were measured from nine different ex vivo tissue types, obtained from 15 domestic pig cadavers. For data analysis, a wavelength range between 450 nm and 650 nm was investigated. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA) were used to discriminate the tissue types. ROC analysis showed that PCA, followed by QDA, could differentiate all investigated tissue types with AUC results between 1.00 and 0.97. Sensitivity reached values between 93% and 100% and specificity values between 94% and 100%. This ex vivo study shows a high differentiation potential for physiological tissue types when performing autofluorescence spectroscopy followed by PCA and QDA. The uncorrected autofluorescence spectra are suitable for reliable tissue discrimination and have a high potential to meet the challenges necessary for an optical feedback system for tissue-specific laser surgery.

Keywords: autofluorescence; fluorescence; laser ablation; laser surgery guidance; remote optical measurement; remote surgical methods; spectra analysis

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