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Diversity
Volume 17
Issue 6
10.3390/d17060378
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Article

A Floristic Analysis of Vascular Plants by the Disturbance Type and Application of Ecological Restoration Strategies in the Baekdudaegan Protected Area of South Korea

by
Young-Soo Kim
,
Gyu-Il Han
,
Seong-Bin Kim
,
Min-Woo Lee
,
Se-Kyu Song
,
Sang-Geun Kim
and
Tae-Im Heo
*
Ecological Forest Restoration Office, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, 2160-53 Munsu-ro, Chunyang-Myeon, Bonghwa-gun 36209, Republic of Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diversity 2025, 17(6), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17060378
Submission received: 27 March 2025 / Revised: 17 May 2025 / Accepted: 19 May 2025 / Published: 27 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 15th Anniversary of Diversity—Biodiversity, Conservation and Ecology of Animals, Plants and Microorganisms)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study evaluated the floristic characteristics and ecological conditions of disturbed sites within the Baekdudaegan Protected Area by analyzing species occurrence and ecological indices according to the region and disturbance type. A total of 515 vascular plant species were recorded, including rare species, alien species, and Korean endemic plants. To assess ecological patterns, the Naturalization Index (NI), Urbanization Index (UI), and Sørensen similarity index were applied. The results showed that Mt. Seoraksan, Mt. Deogyusan, and Mt. Taebaeksan had relatively high NI and UI values, while Mt. Jirisan showed a comparatively low UI value. Among disturbance types, the hiking trail (HT) type, located in a high-altitude area with limited accessibility, also recorded lower values. Floristic similarity with reference ecosystems was higher in Mt. Jirisan, Mt. Deogyusan, and Mt. Taebaeksan, whereas Mt. Seoraksan exhibited the lowest similarity. The overall similarity between disturbance types was low, and the composition of plant species varied across disturbance types. These results suggest that differences in disturbance intensity, driven by the disturbance type and topographic conditions, influences the floristic composition. The findings of this study can serve as baseline data for developing site-specific restoration strategies for disturbed sites in the future.
Keywords: Baekdudaegan Protected Area; disturbed sites; forest restoration; ecological indicators; floristic similarity Baekdudaegan Protected Area; disturbed sites; forest restoration; ecological indicators; floristic similarity

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Kim, Y.-S.; Han, G.-I.; Kim, S.-B.; Lee, M.-W.; Song, S.-K.; Kim, S.-G.; Heo, T.-I. A Floristic Analysis of Vascular Plants by the Disturbance Type and Application of Ecological Restoration Strategies in the Baekdudaegan Protected Area of South Korea. Diversity 2025, 17, 378. https://doi.org/10.3390/d17060378

AMA Style

Kim Y-S, Han G-I, Kim S-B, Lee M-W, Song S-K, Kim S-G, Heo T-I. A Floristic Analysis of Vascular Plants by the Disturbance Type and Application of Ecological Restoration Strategies in the Baekdudaegan Protected Area of South Korea. Diversity. 2025; 17(6):378. https://doi.org/10.3390/d17060378

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kim, Young-Soo, Gyu-Il Han, Seong-Bin Kim, Min-Woo Lee, Se-Kyu Song, Sang-Geun Kim, and Tae-Im Heo. 2025. "A Floristic Analysis of Vascular Plants by the Disturbance Type and Application of Ecological Restoration Strategies in the Baekdudaegan Protected Area of South Korea" Diversity 17, no. 6: 378. https://doi.org/10.3390/d17060378

APA Style

Kim, Y.-S., Han, G.-I., Kim, S.-B., Lee, M.-W., Song, S.-K., Kim, S.-G., & Heo, T.-I. (2025). A Floristic Analysis of Vascular Plants by the Disturbance Type and Application of Ecological Restoration Strategies in the Baekdudaegan Protected Area of South Korea. Diversity, 17(6), 378. https://doi.org/10.3390/d17060378

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