Two and a Half Centuries after Houttuyn: A Review of Avian Cestodes (Platyhelminthes: Cestoda) from Africa

Abstract

Information on cestode parasites in birds in Africa published in 1772–2022 in 177 works is summarised. The data of 434 cestode species belonging to 147 genera, 14 families and 3 orders are presented. For each species, the valid name, the synonyms used in the literature for Africa, bibliographic reference to the original records, names of the hosts and data on the geographical distribution on the continent are included. The cestode orders Dyphyllobothriidea and Tetrabothriidea are represented by one and seven species, respectively. The order Cyclophyllidea is represented by 426 species belonging to 146 genera and 12 families. The most species-rich families are Davaineidae (118 species), Hymenolepididae (105), Dilepididae (86) and Paruterinidae (50). In total, 333 species of birds belonging to 76 families and 27 orders have been recorded as hosts of cestodes in Africa. A host–parasite checklist is presented. The cestode complexes detected in avian orders are characterised by high levels of host specificity. The degree of knowledge of the avian cestode fauna of Africa is considered fragmentary and insufficient; it varies across countries, with the maximum number of species recorded in Egypt (112 species) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (104 species). There are no records of avian cestodes for 19 African countries.

1. Introduction

Two and a half centuries ago, in a book dated 1772 [1] or 1773 [2], the famous Dutch naturalist Martinus Houttuyn published the description of a new tapeworm species, Taenia struthionis, an intestinal parasite of the common ostrich (Struthio camelus L., 1758) from “Africa”. To our knowledge, this is the first scientific contribution to the examination of cestodes parasitising birds in this continent. Numerous authors (reviewed below) contributed with descriptions of single species during the subsequent centuries. The first review on the cestode fauna in African vertebrates was by Baer [3]; it included data on 82 parasitic tapeworm species in birds. Over the next century, the number of publications concerning the African avian cestode fauna increased. A bibliography on the parasitic worms in the African vertebrates by Canaris and Gardner [4] mentioned 176 cestode species, but did not provide data on their hosts and geographical ranges. To date, there has been no comprehensive account published describing the diversity, host range and distribution of avian cestode species in Africa.

In this article, we summarise information published in 176 publications and combine data on tapeworms from African birds. For each species, we include the names of its hosts and the known geographical range on the continent, thus, providing a comprehensive account of the diversity and distribution of avian cestodes in Africa.

The information of cestode species parasitising birds in Africa was obtained by using various sources. We repeatedly used the science information databases Web of Sciences Core Collection (https://www.webofscience.com/wos/woscc), Zoological Record (https://www.webofscience.com/wos/zoorec) and Helminthological Abstracts https://www.cabi.org/publishing-products/helminthological-abstracts) over the last 40 years. Valuable information was obtained from the host–parasite catalogue and the host–parasite database of the Natural History Museum, London (https://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/scientific-resources/taxonomy-systematics/host–parasites, accessed on 20 December 2022). We also examined the main monographic references in cestode systematics: Baer [3], Fuhrmann [5], Skrjabin and Matevosyan [6], Spasskii [7], Wardle and McLeod [2], Yamaguti [8], Spasskii [9], Matevosyan [10], Abuladze [11], Artyukh [12], Spasskaya [13], Bona [14], Spasskaya and Spasskii [15,16], Temirova and Skrjabin [17], Chertkova and Kosupko [18], Ryzhikov and Tolkacheva [19], Schmidt [20], Khalil et al. [21], Movsesyan [22,23] and Bondarenko and Kontrimavichus [24]. The extracted primary data were summarised in a table presented as a supplementary material of the present article.

The order of the cyclophyllidean families in the checklist followed Mariaux et al. [25]. The cestode genera and species were presented in alphabetical order. Only synonyms used in the literature about the African fauna were included.

The systematic arrangement and the nomenclature of birds in the host–parasite checklist followed Avibase [26]. For the avian hosts, we included the valid names as well as their synonymous names used in the original publications cited in the checklist. The cestode species in the host–parasite checklist (Appendix A) were presented in alphabetical order.

Concerning the geographical range of the cestode species, we only included the distribution in Africa, using the modern names of the countries. In the cases where the original publications did not mention detailed information about the locality, we included the wider geographical entity (in quotations) as originally reported (e.g., “West Africa”, “East Africa”, “Africa”, etc.). For convenience, we used popular names of the African countries instead of their official names (e.g., “Egypt” instead of “Arab Republic of Egypt”, “Ethiopia” instead of “Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia”, etc.). In order to avoid ambiguity, we used the full official names to distinguish between the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly known as “Zaire” or “Congo—Kinshasa”) and the Republic of the Congo (previously Congo—Brazzaville or the Congo Republic). We also used the “Republic of South Africa” in order to distinguish it from the wider geographical area of South Africa.

For comparing the species composition of cestode parasites occurring in avian orders in Africa, we used the similarity index of Sørensen, i.e., S = 2C/(A + B), where C is the number of the parasite species common for the two compared orders and A and B are the total numbers of species occurring in each of the two compared orders [27].

2. Systematic Review of Avian Cestodes from Africa

• Order Diphyllobothriidea Kuchta, Scholz, Brabec and Bray, 2008
• Family Diphyllobothriidae Lühe, 1910
• Genus Ligula Bloch, 1782
• Ligula intestinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Gmelin, 1790

Records: Baer [28]; Ortlepp [29]; Fuhrmann [30]; Mahon [31]. Hosts: Microcarbo africanus [28,29,30] and Treron calvus (reported as Vinago c. calva) [31]. Distribution: Mozambique [28], Republic of South Africa [29], Angola [30] and Democratic Republic of the Congo [31]. Remark: The record of this species in a columbiform bird (Mahon [31]) is doubtful. This species is a parasite of fish-eating birds and has freshwater fish as a second intermediate host [32].

• Order Tetrabothriidea Baer, 1954
• Family Tetrabothriidae Linton, 1891
• Genus Chaetophallus Nybelin, 1916
• Chaetophallus robustus Nybelin, 1916

Records: Nybelin [33]; Baer [3]. Host: Thalassarche chlororhynchos (reported as Thalassogeron chlororhynchus) [3,33]. Distribution: Angola [33] and “West Africa” [3]. Remarks: Temirova and Skrjabin [17] considered C. robustus as a synonym of C. umbrella (Fuhrmann, 1899). However, Mariaux et al. [34] recognised it as valid.

• Genus Tetrabothrius Rudolphi, 1819
• Tetrabothrius campanulatus (Fuhrmann, 1899) Fuhrmann, 1908

Synonym: Prosthecocotyle campanulatus Fuhrmann, 1899 [35]. Records: Fuhrmann [35]; Baer [3]. Host: Procellaria sp. [3,35]. Distribution: Republic of South Africa [3,35].

• Tetrabothrius filiformis Nybelin, 1916

Records: Nybelin [33]; Baer [3]. Host: Procellaria aequinoctialis (reported as Majaqueus aequinoctialis) [3,33]. Distribution: Republic of South Africa [3,33].

• Tetrabothrius fuhrmanni Nybelin, 1916

Records: Nybelin [33]; Baer [3]. Host: Thalassarche chlororhynchos (reported as Thalassogeron chlororhynchus) [3,33]. Distribution: Angola [3,33].

• Tetrabothrius gracilis Nybelin, 1916

Records: Nybelin [33]; Baer [3]. Host: Procellaria aequinoctialis (reported as Majaqueus aequinoctialis) [3,33]. Distribution: Angola [3,33].

• Tetrabothrius heteroclitus Diesing, 1850

Synonyms: Prosthecocotyle heteroclita (Diesing, 1850) Fuhrmann, 1899 [35]; Prosthecocotyle intermedia Fuhrmann, 1899 [35]. Records: Fuhrmann [35]; Baer [3]. Hosts: Daption capense [35] and Procellaria sp. [3,35]. Distribution: Republic of South Africa [3,35]. Remarks: The synonymy is after Temirova and Skrjabin [17].

• Tetrabothrius skoogi Nybelin, 1916

Records: Nybelin [33]; Baer [3]. Host: Ardenna grisea (reported as Puffinus griseus) [3,33]. Distribution: Angola [3,33].

• Order Cyclophyllidea van Beneden in Braun, 1900
• Family Acoleidae Fuhrmann, 1899
• Genus Acoleus Fuhrmann, 1899
• Acoleus vaginatus Fuhrmann, 1900

Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Fuhrmann [37]; Baer [3]; Meggitt [38]. Hosts: Himantopus himantopus [3,36] and Vanellus spinosus [37,38]. Distribution: Sudan [3,36,37], Egypt [36,38] and Uganda [37].

• Genus Diplophallus Fuhrmann, 1900
• Diplophallus andinus Voge and Read, 1953

Synonym: Himantocestus blanksoni Ukoli, 1965. Record: Ukoli [39]. Host: Himantopus himantopus. Distribution: Ghana. Remarks: The synonymy is after Ryzhikov and Tolkacheva [19].

• Diplophallus polymorphus (Rudolphi, 1819) Fuhrmann, 1900

Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Baer [3]; Baer [40]. Host: Himantopus himantopus [3,36,40]. Distribution: Sudan [3,36], Egypt [36] and Democratic Republic of the Congo [40].

• Family Amabiliidae Braun, 1900
• Genus Joyeuxilepis Spasskii, 1947
• Joyeuxilepis acanthorhyncha (Wedl, 1855) Borgarenko and Gulyaev, 1990

Synonym: Tatria acanthorhyncha (Wedl, 1855) Kowalewski, 1904. Record: Joyeux et al. [41]. Host: Tachybaptus ruficollis (reported as Colymbus ruficollis). Distribution: Morocco.

• Joyeuxilepis fuhrmanni (Solomon, 1932) Borgarenko and Gulyaev, 1990

Synonym: Tatria fuhrmanni Solomon, 1932. Record: Solomon [42]. Host: “coot”. Distribution: Kenya. Remarks: The type–material was redescribed by Vasileva et al. [43]. The most probable identification of the host is Tachybaptus ruficollis [43].

• Genus Schistotaenia Cohn, 1900
• Schistotaenia macrorhyncha (Rudolphi, 1810) Cohn, 1900

Record: Joyeux et al. [41]. Host: Tachybaptus ruficollis (reported as Colymbus ruficollis). Distribution: Morocco.

• Family Anoplocephalidae Cholodkovsky, 1902
• Genus Bulbultaenia Beveridge, 1994
• Bulbultaenia calcaruterina (Burt, 1939) Beveridge, 1994

Synonym: Paronia calcaruterina Burt, 1939. Record: Mariaux [44]. Hosts: Eurillas latirostris, Eurillas virens and Pycnonotus barbatus. Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire. Remarks: The material probably belongs to a new species, since B. calcaruterina was described from a bird of the family Pycnonotidae in Sri Lanka [45].

• Genus Inermicapsifer Janicki, 1910
• Inermicapsifer interpositus Janicki, 1910

Record: Joyeux and Baer [46]. Host: Lophoceros fasciatus. Distribution: “West Africa”. Remarks: The identification of the specimens from birds requires additional studies, since this species has been described as a parasite of mammals of the family Procaviidae.

• Genus Killigrewia Meggitt, 1927
• Killigrewia delafondi (Railliet, 1892) Yamaguti, 1959

Synonyms: Bertia delafondi (Railliet, 1892) Railliet and Henry, 1909 [3,37,47,48,49,50]; Aporina delafondi (Railliet, 1892) Baer, 1927 [51,52,53]; Bertiella pamelae Meggitt, 1927 [54]. Records: Klaptocz [47]; Fuhrmann [37]; Joyeux [48]; Baer [3]; Ortlepp [49]; Meggitt [54]; Hudson [51]; Joyeux et al. [50]; Mahon [52]; Graber [55]; Shotter [53]; Graber et al. [56]; Mariaux [44]. Hosts: Columba livia domestica [37,47], Oena capensis (reported as Turtur capensis) [3,49], Turtur oena sharpie [54], Columba livia [52], Spilopelia senegalensis (reported as Stigmatopelia senegalensis or Turtur turtur senegalensis) [48,50,55,56], Columba guinea guinea [53], Turtur afer [44] and Streptopelia semitorquata [51]. Distribution: Sudan [37,47], Uganda [37,47], Guinea [48], Republic of South Africa [3,49], Egypt [52,54], Ethiopia [50,55,56], Nigeria [53], Côte d’Ivoire [44] and Kenya [51]. Remarks: The synonymy of B. pamelae with K. delafondi is after Spasskii [7].

• Genus Paronia Diamare, 1900
• Paronia africana (Joyeux and Baer, 1927) Spasskii, 1951

Synonym: Cittotaenia africana Joyeux and Baer, 1927 [57]. Records: [57] Joyeux and Baer [57]; Baer and Fain [58]. Hosts: “problement Bucerotidae” [57] and Bycanistes buccinators [58]. Distribution: Republic of the Congo [57] and Democratic Republic of the Congo [58].

• Paronia carrinoi Diamare, 1900

Record: Mahon [31]. Host: Pycnonotus tricolor (reported as Pycnonotus barbatus tricolor). Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Remarks: P. carrinoi was described as a parasite of Psittaciformes in the Malay Archipelago [59]. The identification of the African specimens requires verification.

• Paronia zavattarii Fuhrmann and Baer, 1943

Records: Fuhrmann and Baer [60]; Graber [55]. Hosts: Colius striatus erlangeri [60] and Colius striatus [55]. Distribution: Ethiopia [55,60].

• Genus Taufikia Woodland, 1928
• Taufikia edmondi Woodland, 1928

Records: Woodland [61]; Fuhrmann and Baer [60]; Graber [55]. Hosts: Gyps rueppelli [61], Torgos tracheliotos nubicus [60,61] and Torgos tracheliotos [55]. Distribution: Sudan [61] and Ethiopia [55,60].

• Taufikia magnisomum (Southwell, 1930) López-Neyra, 1935

Records: Fuhrmann and Baer [60]; Graber [55]. Host: Gyps africanus (recorded as Pseudogyps africanus) [55,60]. Distribution: Ethiopia [55,60].

• Genus Triuterina Fuhrmann, 1922
• Triuterina anoplocephaloides (Fuhrmann, 1902) Fuhrmann, 1922

Synonym: Taenia anoplocephaloides Fuhrmann, 1902 [62]. Records: Fuhrmann [62]; Joyeux and Baer [46]. Hosts: Psittacus erithacus [62] and Poicephalus senegalus versteri [46]. Distribution: “Central Africa” [62] and Benin [46].

• Triuterina uteriloba Dollfus, 1975

Record: Dollfus [63]. Host: Poicephalus gulielmi. Distribution: Morocco.

• Family Davaineidae Braun, 1900
• Genus Abuladzugnia Spasskii, 1973
• Abuladzugnia gutterae (Ortlepp, 1963) Spasskii, 1973

Synonym: Cotugnia gutterae Ortlepp, 1963 [64]. Records: Ortlepp [64]; Junker and Boomker [65]. Hosts: Guttera edouardi [64] and Numida meleagris [65]. Distribution: Mozambique [64] and Republic of South Africa [65].

• Genus Chapmania Monticelli, 1893
• Chapmania macrocephala Fuhrmann, 1943

Records: Fuhrmann [30]; Baer and Fain [58]; Dollfus [66]; Baer and Fain [67]; Graber et al. [56]. Hosts: Neotis denhami (reported as Neotis cafra) [30,66,67], Lissotis melanogaster [58,66] and Lophotis ruficrista (reported as Lophotis ruficristata) [56]. Distribution: Angola [30], Democratic Republic of the Congo [58,67], Morocco [66] and Ethiopia [56].

• Chapmania unilateralis Skrjabin, 1914

Records: Skrjabin [68]; Baer [3]; Hudson [51]; Joyeux et al. [50]; Graber [55]. Hosts: Bucorvus leadbeateri (reported as Bucorax cafer) [3,51,68] and Bucorvus abyssinicus [50,55]. Distribution: Tanzania [51,68], “East Africa” [3] and Ethiopia [50,55].

• Genus Cotugnia Diamare, 1893
• Cotugnia crassa Fuhrmann, 1909

Records: Fuhrmann [69]; Fuhrmann [36]; Fuhrmann [37]; Joyeux [48]; Baer [70]; Baer [3]; Hudson [51]; Mahon [31]; Bisseru [71]. Hosts: Numida meleagris (reported as Numida ptilorhyncha or Numida rikwae) [3,31,36,37,69], “Guinea-fowl” [51], Numida sp. [48], “Numida ????” [70], Numida meleagris galeatus (reported as Numida meleagris marchei) [31] and Numida meleagris marungensis [71]. Distribution: Tanzania [69], Sudan [36,37], Egypt [36], Uganda [37,51], Tunisia [48], Namibia [70], “East Africa” [3], “West Africa” [3], Democratic Republic of the Congo [31] and Zambia [71].

• Cotugnia cuneata Meggitt, 1924

Records: Meggitt [54]; Joyeux et al. [72]; Graber [55]. Hosts: “Wandertaube” (i.e., unidentified columbiform bird) [54] and Columba guinea guinea [55,72]. Distribution: Egypt [54] and Ethiopia [55,72]. Remarks: Meggitt [73] described C. cuneata from Columba livia domestica from Rangoon, Myanmar. In the original description, he erected two varieties—C. cuneata var. nervosa and C. cuneata var. tenuis. Meggitt [54] recorded C. cuneata in Egypt and Joyeux et al. [72] reported C. cuneata var. nervosa in Ethiopia (also mentioned by Graber [55]). The taxonomic status of the varieties affiliated with C. cuneata requires further clarification.

• Cotugnia digonopora (Pasquale, 1890) Diamare, 1893

Records: Meggitt [54]; Graber [55]; Nyaga et al. [74]. Hosts: “fowl” [54], “poulet domestique”—Gallus gallus [55] and Leptoptilos crumenifer [74]. Distribution: Egypt [54], Ethiopia [55] and Kenya [74]. Remarks: The record from L. crumenifer is doubtful. The identification of this material requires additional verification.

• Cotugnia fleari Meggitt, 1927

Record: Meggitt [54]. Host: “pigeon”. Distribution: Egypt.

• Cotugnia inaequalis Fuhrmann, 1909

Records: Baer [70]; Fuhrmann [69]. Host: Pterocles coronatus [69,70]. Distribution: Egypt [69,70].

• Cotugnia joyeuxi Baer, 1925

Records: Baer [70]; Joyeux and Baer [46]. Host: Spilopelia senegalensis (reported as Turtur turtur senegalensis) [46,70]. Distribution: “West Africa” [70] and Guinea [46].

• Cotugnia meleagridis Joyeux, Baer and Martin, 1936

Records: Joyeux et al. [50]; Tendeiro [75]; Graber [55]. Hosts: Numida meleagris [50], Numida meleagris galeatus [75] and “pintade” (French)—Guinea fowl [55]. Distribution: Ethiopia [50,55] and Guinea-Bissau [75].

• Cotugnia parva Baer, 1925

Records: Baer [76]; Mahon [31]. Hosts: “Raven” [76] and Corvus sp. “Eshikololo” [31]. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo [31,76].

• Cotugnia pluriuncinata Baer, 1925

Record: Mahon [31]. Hosts: Numida meleagris and Numida meleagris galeatus. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo.

• Cotugnia polyacantha Fuhrmann, 1909

Records: Fuhrmann [69]; Joyeux [48]; Meggitt [54]; Joyeux et al. [50]; Mahon [52]; Ahmed and Abd-el-Moaty [77]. Hosts: Streptopelia turtur [69], Streptopelia turtur arenicola [48], Spilopelia senegalensis [50,77], Spilopelia senegalensis senegalensis [52], Columba livia domestica [77] and “Wandertaube” [54]. Distribution: Egypt [52,54,69,77], Tunisia [48] and Ethiopia [50]. Remarks: Meggitt [54] described Cotugnia polycantha var. paucimusculosa Meggitt, 1927, in an unidentified columbiform host (“Wandertaube”) from Egypt. The status of this variety requires additional studies.

• Cotugnia shohoi Sawada, 1971

Record: Sawada [78]. Host: Acryllium vulturinum. Distribution: Somalia.

• Cotugnia transvaalensis Ortlepp, 1963

Record: Ortlepp [64]. Host: Numida meleagris. Distribution: Republic of South Africa.

• Cotugnia tuliensis Mettrick, 1963

Record: Mettrick [79]. Host: Numida meleagris. Distribution: Zimbabwe.

• Cotugnia daynesi Quentin, 1963

Record: Quentin [80]. Host: Gallus gallus. Distribution: Madagascar.

• Genus Davainea Blanchard, 1891
• Davainea nana Fuhrmann, 1912

Records: Fuhrmann [37]; Bisseru [71]; Ortlepp [64]; Junker and Boomker [65]. Hosts: Numida meleagris (reported as Numida ptilorhyncha) [37,65], Numida meleagris marungensis [71] and Guttera edouardi [64]. Distribution: Sudan [37], Uganda [37], Zambia [71], Zimbabwe [64] and Republic of South Africa [65].

• Davainea paucisegmentata Fuhrmann, 1909

Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Joyeux [48]; Baer [3]; Joyeux and Baer [46]; Bisseru [71]. Hosts: Numida meleagris (reported as Numida ptilorhyncha) [3,36,46,48] and Numida meleagris marungensis [71]. Distribution: Egypt [36], Sudan [3,36], Benin [46,48] and Zambia [71].

• Davainea proglottina (Davaine, 1860) Blanchard, 1891

Records: Baer [3]; Hudson [51]; Mungube et al. [81]; Medjouel and Benakhla [82]; Lawal et al. [83]. Hosts: Gallus gallus [3,81,82,83] and “Guinea-fowl” [51]. Distribution: Republic of South Africa [3], Kenya [51,81], Algeria [82] and Nigeria [83].

• Genus Demidovella Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1976
• Demidovella leptotrachela (Hungerbühler, 1910) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1976

Synonyms: Davainea leptotrachela Hungerbühler, 1910 [84]; Raillietina (Fuhrmannetta) leptotrachela (Hungerbühler, 1910) Stiles and Orleman, 1926 [3]. Records: Hungerbühler (1910) [84]; Baer (1925d) [3]. Hosts: Pterocles namaqua (reported as Pteroclidurus namaquus) [3,84] and Streptopelia semitorquata (reported as Turtur semitorquatus) [84]. Distribution: “Africa” (for S. semitorquata) [84] and Republic of South Africa (for P. namaqua) [3,84].

• Genus Fuhrmannetta Stiles and Orleman, 1926
• Fuhrmannetta bucerotidarum (Joyeux and Baer, 1928) Movsesyan, 2003

Synonym: Raillietina (Fuhrmannetta) bucerotidarum Joyeux and Baer, 1928. Record: Joyeux and Baer [46]. Host: Lybius bidentatus aequatorialis (reported as Melanobucco aequatorialis). Distribution: Guinea.

• Fuhrmannetta crassula (Rudolphi, 1819) Movsesyan, 1966

Synonym: Raillietina (Fuhrmannetta) crassula (Rudolphi, 1819) Stiles and Orleman, 1926 [3,28,31,85]. Records: Baer [3]; Baer [28]; Ortlepp [85]; Mahon [31]. Hosts: Aplopelia larvata [28], Columba livia domestica [3,31,85] and Turtur chalcospilos [31]. Distribution: “Africa (?)” [3], Zimbabwe [28], Republic of South Africa [85] and Democratic Republic of the Congo [31].

• Fuhrmannetta hertwigi (Mola, 1907) Movsesyan, 1966

Synonym: Raillietina (Fuhrmannetta) hertwigi (Mola, 1907) Stiles and Orleman, 1926 [46,67]. Records: Joyeux and Baer [46]; Baer and Fain [67]. Hosts: Milvus sp. [46] and Aquila rapax belisarius [67]. Distribution: Benin [46] and Democratic Republic of the Congo [67].

• Fuhrmannetta lophoceri (Ortlepp, 1964) Movsesyan, 1966

Synonym: Raillietina (Fuhrmannetta) lophoceri Ortlepp, 1964. Record: Ortlepp [86]. Host: Tockus flavirostris (reported as Lophoceros flavirostris). Distribution: Republic of South Africa.

• Fuhrmannetta malakartis (Mahon, 1958) Movsesyan, 1966

Synonym: Raillietina (Fuhrmannetta) malakartis Mahon, 1958. Record: Mahon [52]. Host: Coturnix sp. Distribution: Egypt.

• Fuhrmannetta pluriuncinata (Crety, 1890) Movsesyan, 1966

Synonym: Raillietina (Fuhrmannetta) pluriuncinata (Crety, 1890) Stiles and Orleman, 1926. Record: Mahon [31]. Host: Coturnix coturnix africana. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo.

• Fuhrmannetta vandenbrandeni (Baylis, 1940) Movsesyan, 1966

Synonym: Raillietina (Fuhrmannetta) vandenbrandeni Baylis, 1940 [31,87]. Records: Baylis [87]; Mahon [31]. Host: Psittacus erithacus [31,87]. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo [31,87].

• Genus Houttuynia Fuhrmann, 1920
• Houttuynia struthionis (Houttuyn, 1772) Fuhrmann, 1920

Synonyms: Taenia struthionis Houttuyn, 1772 [88,89]; Davainea struthionis (Houttuyn, 1772) [84]; Davainea beddardi Meggitt, 1921 [90]; Davainea linstowi Meggitt, 1921 [90]; Houttynia struthiocameli (Rudolphi, 1810) Mettrick, 1963 [79]; “Houttynia struthiocameli Rudolphi, 1819” [56]; “Houttuynia struthionis (Rudolphi)” [3]. Records: Houttuyn [88]; Parona [89]; Hungerbühler [84]; Meggitt [90]; Baer [3]; Hudson [51]; Fuhrmann and Baer [60]; Mettrick [79]; Graber [55]; Graber et al. [56]; Youssef and El-Genaidy [91]. Hosts: Struthio camelus [3,55,56,79,84,88,89,91], Struthio camelus massaicus [3,51,90], Struthio molybdophanes (reported as Struthio camelus molybdophanes) [3,60,90] and Struthio camelus australis [3]. Distribution: “Africa” [88], Sudan [89], Kenya [51,90], Republic of South Africa [3,84], Ethiopia [55,56,60], Zimbabwe [79] and Egypt [91]. Remarks: The synonymy of D. beddardi and D. linstowi with H. struthionis is after Artyukh [12].

• Genus Idiogenes Krabbe, 1868
• Idiogenes bucorvi Joyeux, Baer and Martin, 1936

Records: Joyeux et al. [50]; Mahon [31]; Baer and Fain [58]; Graber [55]. Hosts: Bucorvus abyssinicus [31,50,55] and Bucorvus leadbeateri [58]. Distribution: Ethiopia [50,55] and Democratic Republic of the Congo [31,58].

• Idiogenes grandiporus Cholodkovsky, 1905

Record: Dollfus [66]. Host: Tetrax tetrax. Distribution: Morocco.

• Idiogenes kolbei Ortlepp, 1938

Records: Ortlepp [29]; Fuhrmann and Baer [60]; Mahon [31]; Baer and Fain [58]; Dollfus [66]; Graber [55]. Hosts: Ardeotis kori (reported as Choriotis kori) [29,66], Lophotis gindiana gindiana [60], Neotis denhami (reported as Neotis cafra) [31,66], Lissotis melanogaster [58,66], Eupodotis senegalensis [66], Lophotis ruficrista [66] and Lophotis gindiana [66]. Distribution: Republic of South Africa [29], Ethiopia [55,60], Democratic Republic of the Congo [31,58] and Morocco [66].

• Idiogenes kori Ortlepp, 1938

Records: Ortlepp [29]; Fuhrmann [30]; Bisseru [71]; Dollfus [66]; Baer [40]. Hosts: Ardeotis kori (reported as Choriotis kori) [29,66], Otis sp. [30,71], Neotis denhami (reported as Ardeotis denhami) [71] and Lissotis melanogaster [40]. Distribution: Republic of South Africa [29], Angola [30], Zambia [71], Morocco [66] and Democratic Republic of the Congo [40].

• Idiogenes mahonae Baer, 1955

Records: Baer [92]; Dollfus [66]. Host: Lophotis ruficrista (reported as Lophotis ruficristata) [66,92]. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo [92] and Morocco [66].

• Idiogenes nana (Fuhrmann, 1925) Meggitt, 1927

Records: Fuhrmann [93]; Meggitt [54]; Dollfus [66]. Hosts: Ardeotis arabs (reported as Eupodotis arabs) ] [66,93] and Chlamydotis undulata (reported as Otis houbara) [54,66]. Distribution: Algeria [93], Egypt [54] and Morocco [66].

• Idiogenes otidis Krabbe, 1867

Records: Joyeux and Baer [46]; Southwell and Lake [94]; Fuhrmann [30]; Mahon [31]; Baer and Fain [58]; Dollfus [66]; Baer [40]. Hosts: Eupodotis senegalensis [46,66], Lissotis melanogaster [31,40,58,66,94], Otis sp. [30], Neotis denhami (reported as Neotis cafra) [30,66], Chlamydotis undulata [66], Ardeotis arabs [66], Otis tarda [66] and Tetrax tetrax [66]. Distribution: Guinea [46], Democratic Republic of the Congo [31,40,58,94], Angola [30] and Morocco [66].

• Idiogenes pseudotidis Mahon, 1954

Records: Mahon [31]; Dollfus [66]. Hosts: Eupodotis senegalensis [31,66] and Otis sp. [31]. Distribution: “West Africa” [31], Angola [31] and Morocco [66].

• Genus Numidella Spasskaya and Spasskii, 1971
• Numidella numida (Fuhrmann, 1912) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1971

Synonyms: Davainea numida Fuhrmann, 1912 [37]; Raillietina (Paroniella) numida (Fuhrmann, 1912) Fuhrmann, 1920 [28,31,46,48,51,56,60,64,95,96,97]; Raillietina (Ransomia) numida (Fuhrmann, 1912) Joyeux, 1923 [3]; Raillietina numida (Fuhrmann, 1912) Fuhrmann, 1920 [55]. Records: Fuhrmann [37]; Joyeux [48]; Baer [97]; Baer [3]; Joyeux and Baer [46]; Baer [28]; Hudson [51]; Hilmy [95]; Fuhrmann and Baer [60]; Mahon [31]; Ortlepp [64]; Fain [96]; Graber [55]; Graber et al. [56]; Junker and Boomker [65]. Hosts: Numida meleagris (reported as Numida ptilorhyncha) [3,28,37,46,48,64,65,96,97], Numida sp. [48,95], Guttera edouardi [28,51], “pintade—guinea fowl” [55,56], Numida meleagris mitratus (reported as Numida mitrata reichnowi) [51], Numida meleagris galeatus [31] and Numida meleagris meleagris (reported as Numida meleagris intermedia or Numida meleagris macroceros) [31,56,60]. Distribution: Sudan [3,37], Uganda [3,37], Guinea [3,46,48], Namibia [97], Zimbabwe [28], Liberia [95], Ethiopia [55,56,60,65], Democratic Republic of the Congo [31,96], Republic of South Africa [64,65] and Kenya [51].

• Genus Ophryocotyle Friis, 1870
• Ophryocotyle bucki Joyeux and Baer, 1939

Record: Joyeux and Baer [98]. Host: Lophotibis cristata. Distribution: Madagascar.

• Ophryocotyle fuhrmanni Tendeiro, 1953

Record: Tendeiro [99]. Host: Numenius phaeopus phaeopus. Distribution: Guinea-Bissau.

• Ophryocotyle herodiae Fuhrmann, 1909

Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Baer [3] ; Mahon [31]; Baer [40]. Host: Bostrychia hagedash (report as Hagedashia hagedash) [3,31,36,40]. Distribution: Sudan [3,36] and Democratic Republic of the Congo [31,40].

• Ophryocotyle proteus Friis, 1870

Record: Canaris et al. [100]. Host: Arenaria interpres. Distribution: Namibia.

• Genus Ophryocotyloides Fuhrmann, 1920
• Ophryocotyloides pinguis (Fuhrmann, 1904) Baer, 1927

Synonyms: Taenia pinguis Fuhrmann, 1904 [101]; Bertiella pinguis (Fuhrmann, 1904) Douthitt, 1915 [94]; Chapmania pinguis (Fuhrmann, 1904) Baer and Fain, 1955 [58]. Records: Fuhrmann [101]; Southwell and Lake [94]; Fuhrmann and Baer [60]; Mahon [31]; Baer and Fain [58]; Graber [55]. Hosts: Bucorvus abyssinicus [55,60,101], Bucorvus leadbeateri [58,101] and Bycanistes sp. [31,94]. Distribution: “Central Africa” [101], Democratic Republic of the Congo [31,58,94] and Ethiopia [55,60].

• Genus Otiditaenia Beddard, 1912
• Otiditaenia conoides (Bloch, 1782) Baer, 1955

Synonyms: Schistometra conoideis (Bloch, 1782) [29,58]; Otiditaenia eupodotidis Beddard, 1912 [102]; Schistometra wettsteini Weithofer, 1916 [3,103]. Records: Beddard [102]; Weithofer [103]; Baer [3]; Ortlepp [29]; Baer and Fain [58]; Dollfus [66]; Graber et al. [56]. Hosts: Ardeotis kori (reported as Eupodotis kori) [29,66,102], Otis sp. [103], Ardeotis arabs [3,66], Lissotis melanogaster [58,66], Lophotis ruficrista [56,66], Otis tarda [66] and Neotis denhami [66]. Distribution: London Zoo [102], Sudan [3,103], Republic of South Africa [29], Democratic Republic of the Congo [58], Morocco [66] and Ethiopia [56]. Remarks: The synonymy of O. eupodotidis and S. wettsteini with O. conoides is after Baer [92].

• Otiditaenia macqueeni (Woodland, 1930) Baer, 1955

Synonym: Schistometra korhaani Ortlepp, 1938 [66]. Records: Ortlepp [104]; Dollfus [66]. Hosts: Afrotis afraoides [66,104], Chlamydotis undulata [66], Eupodotis senegalensis [66] and Lophotis ruficrista [66]. Distribution: Republic of South Africa [104] and Morocco [66]. Remarks: The synonymy is after Baer [92].

• Otiditaenia tapika (Clerc, 1906) Movsesyan, 1977

Synonym: Chapmania tapika (Clerc, 1906) Fuhrmann, 1908 [3,36,66]. Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Baer [3]; Dollfus [66]. Hosts: Ardeotis arabs (reported as Eupodotis arabs) [3,36] and Tetrax tetrax [66]. Distribution: Sudan [3,36] and Morocco [66].

• Genus Paroniella Fuhrmann, 1920
• Paroniella bargetzii (Mahon, 1954) Movsesyan, 1966

Synonym: Raillietina (Paroniella) bargetzii Mahon, 1954 [31,105]. Records: Mahon [31]; Mariaux and Vaucher [105]. Hosts: Gymnobucco bonapartei [31] and Gymnobucco calvus [105]. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo [31] and Côte d’Ivoire [105].

• Paroniella bomensis (Southwell and Lake, 1939) Movsesyan, 1966

Synonym: Raillietina (Paroniella) bomensis Southwell and Lake, 1939 [31,94]. Records: Southwell and Lake [94]; Mahon [31]. Host: Lybius bidentatus (reported as Melanobucco bidentatus) [31,94]. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo [31,94].

• Paroniella compacta (Clerc, 1906) Movsesyan, 1966

Synonym: Raillietina (Paroniella) compacta (Clerc, 1906) Fuhrmann, 1920. Record: Joyeux and Baer [46]. Hosts: Euplectes franciscanus (reported as Pyromelana franciscana) and Oriolus auratus. Distribution: Benin.

• Paroniella corvina (Fuhrmann, 1905) Movsesyan, 1966

Synonyms: Raillietina (Paroniella) corvina (Fuhrmann, 1905) Fuhrmann, 1920 [3,48,106]; Raillietina corvina Fuhrmann, 1905 [55]. Records: Joyeux [48]; Baer [3]; Joyeux and Baer [106]; Graber [55]. Hosts: Corvus sp. [3,48,106] and Corvus rhipidirus [55]. Distribution: Somalia [48], “East Africa” [3], Algeria [106] and Ethiopia [55].

• Paroniella perreti (Mahon, 1954) Movsesyan, 1966

Synonym: Raillietina (Paroniella) perreti Mahon, 1954. Record: Mahon [31]. Host: Pycnonotus tricolor (reported as Pycnonotus barbatus tricolor). Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo.

• Paroniella reynoldsiae (Meggitt, 1926) Movsesyan, 1966

Synonyms: Raillietina (Paroniella) reynoldsiae (Meggitt, 1926) Fuhrmann, 1932 [31,44,50]; Raillietina reynoldsiae Meggit, 1926 [55]. Records: Joyeux et al. (1936) [50]; Mahon (1954) [31]; Graber (1975) [55]; Mariaux (1994) [44]. Hosts: Corvus rhipidurus [50,55] and Corvus albus [31,44]. Distribution: Ethiopia [50,55], Democratic Republic of the Congo [31] and Côte d’Ivoire [44].

• Paroniella tenuiformis (Sawada, 1964) Movsesyan, 1966

Synonym: Raillietina (Paroniella) tenuiformis Sawada, 1964. Record: Sawada [107]. Host: Gallus gallus. Distribution: Sudan.

• Paroniella yapoensis (Mariaux and Vaucher, 1989) Movsesyan, 2003

Synonym: Raillietina (Paroniella) yapoensis Mariaux and Vaucher, 1989. Record: Mariaux and Vaucher [105]. Host: Pardipicus nivosa nivosa (reported as Campethera nivosa nivosa). Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire.

• Genus Pluviantaenia Jones, Khalil and Bray, 1992
• Pluviantaenia kassalensis Jones, Khalil and Bray, 1992

Record: Jones et al. [108]. Host: Pluvianus aegyptius. Distribution: Sudan.

• Genus Porogynia Railliet and Henry, 1909
• Porogynia paronai (Moniez, 1892) Railliet and Henry, 1909

Synonyms: Linstowia lata Fuhrmann, 1901 [109]; Polycoelia lata (Fuhrmann, 1901) Fuhrmann, 1901 [36]; Porogynia lata (Furmann, 1901) [37,48]. Records: Klaptocz [109]; Fuhrmann [36]; Fuhrmann [37]; Joyeux [48]; Baer [97]; Baer [3]; Joyeux and Baer [46]; Joyeux and Baer [106]; Fuhrmann [30]; Fuhrmann and Baer [60]; Baer and Fain [58]; Bisseru [71]; Myers et al. [110]; Ortlepp [64]; Mettrick [79]; Graber [55]; Junker and Boomker [65]. Hosts: Numida sp. [106,109], Numida meleagris (reported as Numida ptilorhyncha or Numida maxima) [3,30,36,37,46,48,55,58,65,79,97], Numida meleagris marungensis [71], Numida meleagris meleagris (reported as Numida meleagris major) [60,110], Guttera edouardi [64] and Pternistis natalensis [79]. Distribution: Sudan [36,37,109,110], Uganda [37,109], Egypt [36], Senegal [48], Namibia [97], “East Africa” [3], “West Africa” [3], “Southwest Africa” [3], Gambia [46], Mali [106], Angola [30], Ethiopia [55,60], Democratic Republic of the Congo [58], Zambia [71,79], Republic of South Africa [64,65,79] and Zimbabwe [79]. Remarks: The synonymy of Linstowia lata with P. paronai is after Yamaguti [8], Artyukh [12] and Schmidt [20].

• Porogynia woodlandi (Baylis, 1934) Movsesyan, 1977

Synonyms: Raillietina (Paroniella) woodlandi Baylis, 1934 [71]; Raillietina woodlandi Baylis, 1934 [111]. Records: Baylis [111]; Bisseru [71]. Hosts: “Guinea-fowl” [111] and Numida meleagris marungensis [71]. Distribution: Uganda [111] and Zambia [71].

• Genus Pseudidiogenes Movsesyan, 1971
• Pseudidiogenes flagellum (Goeze, 1782) Kornyushin, 1989

Synonyms: Idiogenes flagellum (Goeze, 1782) Cholodkovsky, 1906 [3,31,37,40,44,51,54,94,95]; Davainea (Chapmania) longicirrosa Fuhrmann, 1906 [112]; Idiogenes longicirrosus Fuhrmann, 1906 [47]; Idiogenes horridus var. africanus Hungerbühler, 1910 [3]. Records: Fuhrmann [112]; Klaptocz [47]; Fuhrmann [37]; Baer [3]; Meggitt [54]; Hudson [51]; Hilmy [95]; Southwell and Lake [94]; Mahon [31]; Baer [40]; Mariaux [44]. Hosts: Milvus migrans (reported as Milvus korschun) [31,40,47,94,95,112], Milvus aegyptius [3,31,37], Chlamydotis undulata (reported as Otis houbara) [54], Fulica cristata [54], Milvus aegyptius parasitus (reported as Milvus migrans parasitus) [51], Accipiter badius [44] and “Raptatores” [3]. Distribution: “Africa” [112], Sudan [37,47], Uganda [37,47], “East Africa” [3], Egypt [54], Tanzania [51], Liberia [95], Democratic Republic of the Congo [31,40,94], Côte d’Ivoire [44] and Republic of South Africa [3]. Remarks: The synonymy of I. longicirrosus with P. flagellum is after Kornyushin [113]. The synonymy of Idiogenes horridus var. africanus Hungerbühler, 1910, with P. flagellum is after Mahon [31].

• Pseudidiogenes travassosi (Ortlepp, 1938) Kornyushin, 1989

Synonyms: Idiogenes travassosi Ortlepp, 1938 [110]; Unciunia travassosi Ortlepp, 1938 [114]. Records: Ortlepp [114]; Myers et al. [110]. Hosts: Milvus migrans [110,114] and Microcarbo africanus [110]. Distribution: Republic of South Africa [114] and Sudan [110].

• Genus Raillietina Fuhrmann, 1920
• Raillietina angusta Ortlepp, 1963

Synonym: Raillietina (Raillietina) angusta Ortlepp, 1963 [64]. Records: Ortlepp [64]; Junker and Boomker [65]. Host: Numida meleagris [64,65]. Distribution: Republic of South Africa [64,65].

• Raillietina bembezi Mettrick and Beverley-Burton, 1962

Record: Mettrick and Beverley-Burton [115]. Host: Bubo africanus. Distribution: Zimbabwe.

• Raillietina bueti Joyeux and Baer, 1928

Record: Joyeux and Baer [46]. Host: Pternistis bicalcaratus (reported as Francolinus bicalcaratus). Distribution: Benin.

• Raillietina bumi Mettrick and Beverley-Burton, 1962

Record: Mettrick and Beverley-Burton [115]. Host: Bubo africanus. Distribution: Zimbabwe.

• Raillietina bycanistis (Baylis, 1919) Fuhrmann, 1932

Synonyms: Davainea bycanistis Baylis, 1919 [116]; Raillietina (Raillietina) bycanistis (Baylis, 1919) [31,51]; Raillietina (Ransomia) bycanistis (Baylis, 1919) [3]. Records: Baylis [116]; Baer [3]; Hudson [51]; Mahon [31]. Hosts: Bycanistes subcylindricus subquadratus [3,51,116], Horizocerus albocristatus [31] and Ceratogymna atrata [31]. Distribution: Uganda [3,51,116] and Democratic Republic of the Congo [31].

• Raillietina calcaria (Fuhrmann, 1909) Baer, 1925

Synonyms: Davainea calcaria Fuhrmann, 1909 [69]; Raillietina (Raillietina) calcaria (Fuhrmann, 1909) [31,46,117]; Raillietina (Ransomia) calcaria (Fuhrmann, 1909) [3]. Records: Fuhrmann [69]; Baer [76]; Baer [3]; Joyeux and Baer [46]; Mahon [31]; Baer [117]; Fain [96]; Baer and Fain [118]. Hosts: Corythaeola cristata [3,31,69,96,117], “Centropus ou Coccystes” [76], Centropus sp. [118] and Centropus monachus [46]. Distribution: Cameroon [3,69], Democratic Republic of the Congo [31,76,96,118], Benin [46] and Côte d’Ivoire [117].

• Raillietina circumcincta (Krabbe, 1869) Joyeux and Dollfus, 1931

Record: Joyeux and Dollfus (1931). Host: Egretta garzetta. Distribution: Egypt.

• Raillietina clavicirrosa (Fuhrmann, 1909) Fuhrmann, 1932

Synonyms: Davainea clavicirrosa Fuhrmann, 1909 [36]; Raillietina (Raillienina) clavicirrosa (Fuhrmann, 1909) [60,72]; Raillietina (Ransomia) clavicirrosa (Fuhrmann, 1909) [3]. Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Baer [3]; Joyeux et al. [72]; Fuhrmann and Baer [60]; Graber [55]. Hosts: Pternistis clappertoni (reported as Francolinus clapertoni) [3,36], Pternistis sp. [3], Dendroperdix sephaena spilogaster [55,72], Pternistis leucoscepus infuscatus [60] and Pternistis leucoscepus [55]. Distribution: Sudan [3,36], Egypt [3], Angola [3] and Ethiopia [55,60,72].

• Raillietina clerci (Fuhrmann, 1920) Fuhrmann, 1932

Synonym: Raillietina (Ransomia) clerci Fuhrmann, 1920. Record: Joyeux [48]. Host: Columba livia domestica. Distribution: Tunisia.

• Raillietina cohni (Baczyńska, 1914) Railliet, 1921

Synonyms: Davainea cohni Baczyńska, 1914 [119]; Raillietina (Ransomia) cohni (Baczyńska, 1914) [3]; Raillietina (Raillietina) cohni (Baczyńska, 1914) [51]. Records: Baczyńska [119]; Baer [3]; Hudson [51]. Hosts: “Domestic fowl” [3,51] and Gallus gallus [119]. Distribution: “East Africa” [3,51,119].

• Raillietina columbiella Ortlepp, 1938

Synonym: Raillietina (Raillietina) columbiella Ortlepp, 1938. Record: Ortlepp [85]. Host: Columba livia domestica. Distribution: Republic of South Africa.

• Raillietina congolensis Baer and Fain, 1955

Record: Baer and Fain [58]. Host: Pytilia afra afra. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo.

• Raillietina cryptacantha (Fuhrmann, 1909) Joyeux, 1923

Synonyms: Davainea cryptacantha Fuhrmann, 1909 [69]; Raillietina (Ransomia) cryptacantha (Fuhrmann, 1909) [48]. Records: Fuhrmann [69]; Joyeux [48]; Meggitt [54]. Hosts: Columba sp. [69], Spilopelia senegalensis [48] and Streptopelia turtur (reported as Turtus sharpii) [54]. Distribution: Egypt [54,69] and Guinea [48].

• Raillietina dartevellei Mahon, 1954

Synonym: Raillietina (Raillietina) dartevellei Mahon, 1954. Record: Mahon [31]. Host: Gypohierax angolensis. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo.

• Raillietina debilis (Baylis, 1919) Baer, 1925

Synonyms: Davainea debilis Baylis, 1919 [116]; Raillietina (Raillietina) debilis (Baylis, 1919) [51]. Records: Baylis [116]; Baer [3]; Hudson [51]. Host: Anastomus lamelligerus [3,51,116]. Distribution: Uganda [51,116] and “East Africa” [3].

• Raillietina delalandei Ortlepp, 1938

Synonym: Raillietina (Raillietina) delalandei Ortlepp, 1938. Record: Ortlepp [85]. Host: Treron calvus (reported as Vinago delalandei delalandei). Distribution: Republic of South Africa.

• Raillietina echinobothrida (Megnin, 1880) Railliet, 1921

Synonyms: Raillietina (Raillietina) echinobothrida (Megnin, 1880) [28,31,46,50,51,66,94,120]; Raillietina (Ransomia) echinobothrida (Megnin, 1880) [3,48]. Records: Joyeux [48]; Baer [3]; Joyeux and Baer [46]; Baer [28]; Hudson [51]; Joyeux et al. [50]; Southwell and Lake [94]; Mahon [31]; Hodasi [121]; Dollfus [66]; Graber [55]; Badawy [122]; Poulsen et al. [120]; Permit et al. [123]; Adang et al. [124]; Mungube et al. [81]; Msoffe et al. [125]; Medjouel and Benakhla [82]; Yousfi et al. [126]; Lawal et al. [83]; Atsanda et al. [127]; Natala et al. [128]. Hosts: Gallus gallus domesticus [50], Gallus gallus [3,46,48,55,66,81,82,83,120,121,123,126], Gallus gallus bankiva [28], Numida meleagris mitratus [28], Numida sp. [31,94], Columba livia domestica (reported as Columba columba) [124,125,128], Numida meleagris [127], Passer domesticus niloticus [122] and ”Domestic fowl” [51]. Distribution: Tunisia [3,48], Democratic Republic of the Congo [31,94], Benin [46], Zimbabwe [28,123], Ghana [120,121], Morocco [66], Ethiopia [50,55], Egypt [122], Nigeria [83,124,127,128], Kenya [51,81], Tanzania [125] and Algeria [82,126]. Remarks: R. echinobothrida is a specific parasite of Gallus gallus. The specimens reported from columbid birds require additional examination.

• Raillietina emperus (Skrjabin, 1914) Baer, 1925

Synonyms: Davainea emperus Skrjabin, 1914 [68]; Raillietina (Ransomia) emperus (Skrjabin, 1914) [3]; Raillietina (Raillietina) emperus (Skrjabin, 1914) [31]. Records: Skrjabin [68]; Baer [3]; Mahon [31]. Hosts: “Buceros seratogynina” [3,68] and Ceratogymna atrata [31]. Distribution: Cameroon [3,68] and Democratic Republic of the Congo [31]. Remarks: Bucerotidae is represented by three genera (Tockus, Bycanistes and Ceratogymna) in Africa. “Buceros seratogynina” probably refers to the genus Ceratogymna.

• Raillietina eupodotidis Dollfus, 1957

Record: Dollfus [66]. Host: Eupodotis senegalensis. Distribution: Morocco.

• Raillietina frontina (Dujardin, 1845) Fuhrmann, 1932

Synonym: Raillietina (Raillietina) frontina (Dujardin, 1845) [60]. Records: Fuhrmann and Baer [60]; Graber [55]. Host: Campethera nubica nubica [55,60]. Distribution: Ethiopia [55,60].

• Raillietina fuhrmanni (Southwell, 1922) Meggitt, 1926

Synonym: Raillietina fuhrmanni (Southwell, 1922) Meggitt, 1926. Record: Baer [28]. Host: Treron sp. Distribution: Tanzania.

• Raillietina fuhrmanni intermedia Fuhrmann and Baer, 1943

Synonym: Raillietina (Raillietina) fuhrmanni var. intermedia Fuhrmann and Baer, 1943 [31,55,60]. Records: Fuhrmann and Baer [60]; Mahon [31]; Graber [55]. Hosts: Oena capensis capensis [55,60], Turtur chalcospilos [31] and Treron calvus (reported as Vinago calva) [31]. Distribution: Ethiopia [55,60] and Democratic Republic of the Congo [31]. Remarks: The status of the subspecies is after Movsesyan [22].

• Raillietina galeritae (Skrjabin, 1914) Fuhrmann, 1932

Synonyms: Davainea galeritae Skrjabin, 1914 [68]; Raillietina (Raillietina) galeritae (Skrjabin, 1914) [52]. Records: Skrjabin [68]; Mahon [52]; Badawy [122]. Hosts: Galerida cristata [68], Passer domesticus [52] and Passer domesticus niloticus [122]. Distribution: Algeria [68] and Egypt [52,122].

• Raillietina gendrei Joyeux, 1923

Synonyms: Raillietina (Raillietina) gendrei (Joyeux, 1923) Joyeux and Baer, 1928 [46]; Raillietina (Ransomia) gendrei Joyeux, 1923 [3]. Records: Joyeux [48]; Baer [3]; Joyeux and Baer [46]. Host: Treron calvus (reported as Vinago calva calva) [3,46,48]. Distribution: Benin [3,46,48].

• Raillietina globirostris (Fuhrmann, 1909) Fuhrmann, 1932

Synonym: Raillietina (Ransomia) globirostris (Fuhrmann, 1909). Record: Joyeux [48]. Host: Alectoris barbara. Distribution: Algeria.

• Raillietina idiogenoides Baer, 1933

Synonym: Raillietina (Raillietina) idiogenoides Baer, 1933 [52]. Records: Baer [28]; Mahon [52]. Hosts: Treron calvus delalandii (reported as Vinago delalandi) [28] and Spilopelia senegalensis senegalensis [52]. Distribution: Zimbabwe [28] and Egypt [52].

• Raillietina insignis (Steudener, 1877) Fuhrmann, 1932

Synonym: Raillietina (Raillietina) insignis (Steudener, 1877) [28,51]. Records: Baer [28]; Hudson [51]. Host: Treron calvus (reported as Vinago delalandii) [28,51]. Distribution: Zimbabwe [28] and Tanzania [51].

• Raillietina khalili Hilmy, 1936

Record: Hilmy [95]. Host: Tauraco persa (reported as Turacus persa buffoni). Distribution: Liberia.

• Raillietina korkei Joyeux and Houdemer, 1927

Synonyms: Raillietina (Raillietina) korkei Joyeux and Houdemer, 1927 [94]; “Raillietina (Fuhrmannetta) korkei Joyeux and Houdemer, 1927” [31]. Records: Southwell and Lake [94]; Mahon [31]. Hosts: Columba livia [94] and Columba livia domestica [31]. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo [31,94]. Remarks: R. (R.) korkei was described by Joyeux and Houdemer [129] in an unidentified host of the family Columbidae in Indochina. The nominotypical subgenus Raillietina is characterised by its unilateral genital pores. The material from domestic pigeons reported by Mahon [31] was placed in the subgenus Fuhrmannetta Stiles and Orleman, 1926, which is characterised by alternating genital pores. Therefore, the identification of the material recorded by Mahon [31] requires confirmation.

• Raillietina macrocirrosa (Fuhrmann, 1909) Joyeux and Baer, 1928

Synonyms: Davainea macrocirrosa Fuhrmann, 1909 [69]; Raillietina (Raillietina) macrocirrosa (Fuhrmann, 1909) [31,44,46,58,67,79,95]; Raillietina (Ransomia) macrocirrosa (Fuhrmann, 1909) [3]. Records: Fuhrmann [69]; Baer [3]; Joyeux and Baer [46]; Hilmy [95]; Mahon [31]; Baer and Fain [58]; Baer and Fain [67]; Mettrick [79]; Mariaux [44]. Hosts: Tauraco persa (reported as Turacus buffoni) [31,69], Tauraco persa buffoni [3], Centropus monachus [46], Centropus senegalensis [31,44,58,67,79,95] and Centropus senegalensis senegalensis [58]. Distribution: Cameroon [3,69], Guinea [46], Liberia [95], Democratic Republic of the Congo [31,58,67], Zambia [79], Zimbabwe [79] and Côte d’Ivoire [44].

• Raillietina michaelseni Baer, 1925

Record: Baer [97]. Host: Pterocles burchelli (reported as Pterocles variegatus). Distribution: Namibia.

• Raillietina micracantha (Fuhrmann, 1909) Fuhrmann, 1932

Synonym: Raillietina (Raillietina) micracantha (Fuhrmann, 1909) [50]. Records: Joyeux et al. [50]; Graber [55]. Hosts: Spilopelia senegalensis [50] and Treron waalia (reported as Vinago waalia) [50,55]. Distribution: Ethiopia [50,55].

• Raillietina neyrai Baer, 1955

Synonym: Raillietina (Raillietina) neyrai Baer, 1955 [66,92]. Records: Baer [92]; Dollfus [66]. Host: Lophotis ruficrista (reported as Lophotis ruficristata) [66,92]. Distribution: Republic of South Africa [92] and Morocco [66].

• Raillietina penetrans (Baczyńska, 1914) Railliet, 1921

Synonyms: Davainea penetrans Baczyńska, 1914 [119]; Raillietina (Ransomia) penetrans (Bascyzńska, 1914) [3,51]. Records: Baczyńska [119]; Baer [3]; Hudson [51]. Hosts: Gallus gallus [3,119] and “Domestic fowl” [51]. Distribution: “East Africa” [3,51,119].

• Raillietina permista Southwell and Lake, 1939

Synonym: Raillietina (Raillietina) permista Southwell and Lake, 1939 [31,44,94,130]. Records: Southwell and Lake [94]; Mahon [31]; Mariaux [130]; Mariaux [44]. Hosts: Campethera permista [94], Campethera permista permista [31], Actitis hypoleucos [130], Centropus leucogaster [44], Centropus senegalensis [44] and Chrysococcyx klaas [44]. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo [31,94] and Côte d’Ivoire [44,130].

• Raillietina pintneri (Klaptocz, 1906) Joyeux, 1923

Synonyms: Davainea pintneri Klaptocz, 1906 [36,37,109]; Raillietina (Raillietina) pintneri (Klaptocz, 1906) [3,28,30,31,46,51,58,64,70,71,79,106,131]; Raillietina (Ransomia) pintneri (Klaptocz, 1906) [48,97]. Records: Klaptocz [109]; Fuhrmann [36]; Fuhrmann [37]; Joyeux [48]; Baer [97]; Baer [70]; Baer [3]; Joyeux and Baer [46]; Joyeux and Baer [106]; Baer [28]; Hudson [51]; Ortlepp [131]; Fuhrmann [30]; Mahon [31]; Baer and Fain [58]; Bisseru [71]; Mettrick [79]; Ortlepp [64]; Fain [96]; Graber et al. [56]; Junker and Boomker [65]. Hosts: Guttera edouardi [58,79,106,109], Guttera pulcherani [28], Numida meleagris (reported as Numida ptilorhyncha or Numida maxima) [3,30,36,37,46,48,58,64,65,79,96,97,109], Pternistis natalensis [71], Numida meleagris mitratus [51,64,71], Numida meleagris galeatus [31], Numida meleagris meleagris [56], Numida meleagris marungensis [71], “Domestic fowl” [51], “pintade—guinea fowl” [31] and Numida sp. [70]. Distribution: Sudan [3,36,37,109], Uganda [3,37,109], Egypt [36], Benin [46,48], Namibia [70,97], Mali [106], Zimbabwe [28,64,79], Republic of South Africa [64,65,131], Angola [30], Democratic Republic of the Congo [31,58,96], Zambia [71], Mozambique [64], Ethiopia [56] and Kenya [51]. Remarks: Baer (1925b) described “Raillietina (Ransomia) pintneri var. polyorchis” from “Numida sp.” from Namibia. This form fitted well to the morphology of R. pintneri, excluding the number of testes, being 18–20 in the typical form and 25–30 in the specimens described as the new variety. Baer [70] believes that when the morphology of R. pintneri is studied in more detail, this variety is likely to fit within its infraspecific variation of the species.

• Raillietina provincialis (von Linstow, 1909) Baer, 1925

Synonyms: Davainea provincialis von Linstow, 1909 [132]; Raillietina (Ransomia) provincialis (von Linstow, 1909) [3]. Records: von Linstow [132]; Baer [3]. Host: Pternistis adspersus (reported as Francolinus adspersus) [3,132]. Distribution: “Africa” [132] and “West Africa” [3].

• Raillietina sartica (Skrjabin, 1914) Artyukh, 1966

Record: Joyeux and Gaud [133]. Host: Emberiza sahari. Distribution: Morocco. Remarks: Joyeux and Gaud [133] recorded this species from Morocco and the new variety R. (R.) sartica var. mediterranea. The status of this variety requires additional examinations.

• Raillietina senaariensis (Weithofer, 1916) Baer, 1925

Synonym: Davainea senaariensis Weithofer, 1916 [103]. Records: Weithofer [103]; Baer [3]. Host: Columba guinea [3,103]. Distribution: Sudan [3,103].

• Raillietina somaliensis Sawada, 1971

Synonym: Raillietina (Raillietina) somaliensis Sawada, 1971. Record: Sawada [78]. Host: Acryllium vulturinum. Distribution: Somalia.

• Raillietina steinhardti Baer, 1925

Synonym: Raillietina (Ransomia) steinhardti Baer, 1925 [64]. Records: Baer [70]; Ortlepp [64]; Junker and Boomker [65]. Hosts: Numida sp. [70], Guttera edouardi [64] and Numida meleagris [65]. Distribution: Namibia [70], Zimbabwe [64], Mozambique [64] and Republic of South Africa [65].

• Raillietina taylori Baylis, 1929

Record: Baylis (1929). Host: Psittacus erithacus. Distribution: Nigeria.

• Raillietina tetragona (Molin, 1858) Fuhrmann in Railliet, 1921

Synonyms: Raillietina (Ransomia) tetragona (Molin, 1858) [3,48]; Raillietina (Raillietina) tetragona (Molin, 1858) [3,31,42,51,94,95,120]. Records: Joyeux [48]; Baer [3]; Solomon [42]; Hudson [51]; Hilmy [95]; Southwell and Lake [94]; Mahon [31]; Hodasi [121]; Graber [55]; Mpoame and Agbede [134]; Badawy [122]; Poulsen et al. [120]; Permit et al. [123]; Adang et al. [124]; Adang et al. [135]; Msoffe et al. [125]; Medjouel and Benakhla [82]; Atsanda et al. [127]; Lawal et al. [83]; Natala et al. [128]. Hosts: Gallus gallus [3,31,48,55,82,83,94,95,120,121,123,134], Numida meleagris (reported as Numida ptilorhyncha) [3,127], “fowl” [42], Passer domesticus niloticus [122], Columba livia domestica [124,125,128], Columba guinea [135], “Domestic fowl” [51] and “fowl” [42]. Distribution: Tunisia [48], “East Africa” [3], “West Africa” [3], Uganda [42], Kenya [51], Liberia [95], Democratic Republic of the Congo [31,94], Ghana [120,121], Ethiopia [55], Cameroon [134], Egypt [122], Zimbabwe [123], Nigeria [83,124,127,128,135], Tanzania [125] and Algeria [82]. Remarks: R. tetragona is a specific parasite of Gallus gallus. The materials from the columbid and passerine birds require additional verification.

• Raillietina tetragonoides Baer, 1925

Synonym: Raillietina (Ransomia) tetragonoides Baer, 1925. Record: Baer [97]. Host: Numida meleagris (reported as Numida ptilorhyncha). Distribution: Namibia.

• Raillietina tunetensis Joyeux and Houdemer, 1928

Synonym: Raillietina (Raillietina) tunetensis Joyeux and Houdemer, 1928. Record: Joyeux and Gaud [133]. Hosts: Columba palumbus and Columba livia. Distribution: Morocco.

• Raillietina turaci Baer, 1933

Record: Baer [28]. Host: Tauraco livingstonii (reported as Turacus livingstonei). Distribution: Zimbabwe.

• Raillietina undulata (Fuhrmann, 1909) Fuhrmann, 1932

Synonyms: Davainea undulata Fuhrmann, 1909 [69]; Raillietina (Raillietina) undulata (Fuhrmann, 1909) [28,31,94,95]; Raillietina (Ransomia) undulata (Fuhrmann, 1909) [3]. Records: Fuhrmann [69]; Baer [3]; Baer [28]; Hilmy [95]; Southwell and Lake [94]; Mahon [31]. Hosts: Corythaeola cristata [3,31,69,94,95], Chrysococcyx cupreus [28] and Tauraco porphyreolophus (reported as Gallirex porphyreolophus) [28]. Distribution: Cameroon [3,69], Zimbabwe [28], Liberia [95] and Democratic Republic of the Congo [31,94].

• Raillietina vaganda (Baylis, 1919) Baer, 1925

Synonym: Davainea vaganda Baylis, 1919 [116]. Records: Baylis [116]; Baer [3]; Hudson [51]. Host: Haliaeetus vocifer [3,51,116]. Distribution: Uganda [3,51,116].

• Raillietina vinagoi Ortlepp, 1938

Synonym: Raillietina (Raillietina) vinagoi Ortlepp, 1938. Record: Ortlepp [85]. Host: Treron calvus (reported as Vinago d. delalandei). Distribution: Republic of South Africa.

• Raillietina vogeli Hilmy, 1936

Synonym: Raillietina (Raillietina) vogeli Hilmy, 1936 [85]. Records: Hilmy [95]; Ortlepp [85]. Host: Treron calvus (reported as Vinago delalandei delalandei) [85,95]. Distribution: Liberia [95] and Republic of South Africa [85].

• Raillietina weissi Joyeux, 1923

Records: Joyeux [48]; Joyeux and Gaud [133]. Host: Streptopelia turtur arenicola [48,133]. Distribution: Tunisia [48] and Morocco [133]. Remarks: Joyeux and Gaud [133] identified the material from Morocco as “Raillietina (Raillietina) weissi var. valliclusa Joyeux and Baer, 1934”, a form originally described from France. The status of this form requires further studies.

• Raillietina werneri (Klaptocz, 1908) Baer, 1925

Synonyms: Davainea werneri Klaptocz, 1908 [37,47]; Raillietina (Ransomia) werneri (Klapstocz, 1908) [3]; Raillietina (Raillietina) werneri (Klaptocz, 1908) [28,31,58,79]. Records: Klaptocz [47]; Fuhrmann [37]; Baer [3]; Baer [28]; Mahon [31]; Baer and Fain [58]; Mettrick [79]. Hosts: Colius striatus (reported as Colius leucotis affinis or Colius striatus lungae) [28,31,37,47,58], Colius striatus leucotis [3], Colius striatus minor [28], Colius striatus nigricollis [31] and Urocolius indicus [79]. Distribution: Sudan [37,47], Uganda [37,47], South Sudan [3], Zimbabwe [28,79] and Democratic Republic of the Congo [31,58].

• Raillietina sp.

Record: Mariaux [44]. Hosts: Estrilda melpoda, Pyrenestes ostrinus, Chlorocichla simplex, Criniger calurus, Melaniparus niger, Oriolus brachyrhynchus, Streptopelia semitorquata, Turnix sylvaticus, Turtur afer and Turtur tympanistria. Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire.

• Genus Skrjabinia Fuhrmann, 1920
• Skrjabinia campetherae (Mariaux and Vaucher, 1989) Movsesyan, 2003

Synonym: Raillietina (Skrjabinia) campetherae Mariaux and Vaucher, 1989. Record: Mariaux and Vaucher [105]. Hosts: Pardipicus caroli (reported as Campethera caroli) and Pardipicus nivosa nivosa (reported as Campethera nivosa nivosa). Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire.

• Skrjabinia cesticillus (Molin, 1858) Movsesyan, 1966

Synonym: Raillietina (Scrjabinia) cesticillus (Molin, 1858) [3,48,51,55,82]. Records: Joyeux [48]; Baer [3]; Hudson [51]; Joyeux et al. [50]; Hodasi [121]; Graber [55]; Poulsen et al. [120]; Permit et al. [123]; Adang et al. [124]; Adang et al. [135]; Medjouel and Benakhla [82]; Yousfi et al. [126]; Lawal et al. [83]; Natala et al. [128]. Hosts: Gallus gallus [3,48,55,82,83,120,121,123,126], Gallus gallus domesticus [50], Columba livia domestica [83,124], Columba guinea [135] and “Domestic fowl” [51]. Distribution: Tunisia [48], “West Africa” [3], Ghana [120,121], Ethiopia [50,55], Zimbabwe [123], Nigeria [124,128,135], Algeria [82,126] and Kenya [50]. Remarks: The identification of specimens from birds of the order Columbiformes is doubtful, because S. cesticillus is a specific parasite of the Galliformes.

• Skrjabinia cryptocotyle (Baer, 1925) Movsesyan, 1966

Synonym: Raillietina (Skrjabinia) cryptocotyle Baer, 1925. Record: Baer [76]. Host: “Raven”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo.

• Skrjabinia deiweti (Ortlepp, 1938) Movsesyan, 1966

Synonym: Raillietina (Skrjabinia) deiweti Ortlepp, 1938 [64,104]. Records: Ortlepp [104]; Ortlepp [64]. Hosts: Numida sp. [104], Guttera edouardi [64] and Numida meleagris [64]. Distribution: Republic of South Africa [64,104].

• Skrjabinia lavieri (Joyeux and Baer, 1928) Movsesyan, 1966

Synonym: Raillietina (Skrjabinia) lavieri Joyeux and Baer, 1928. Record: Joyeux and Baer [136]. Host: Centropus sp. Distribution: Uganda.

• Skrjabinia sudanica (Sawada, 1964) Movsesyan, 2003

Synonym: Raillietina (Skrjabinia) sudanica Sawada, 1964. Record: Sawada [107]. Host: Gallus gallus. Distribution: Sudan.

• Genus Sphyroncotaenia Ransom, 1911
• Sphyroncotaenia uncinata Ransom, 1911

Records: Ransom [137]; Baer [3]; Hudson [51]; Dollfus [66]; Baer [138]; Baer and Fain [67]. Host: Neotis denhami (reported as Neotis cafra or Ardeotis denhami) [3,51,66,67,137,138]. Distribution: Kenya [51,137], Tanzania [3], Morocco [66], Uganda [138] and Democratic Republic of the Congo [67].

• Family Dilepididae Fuhrmann, 1907
• Genus Acanthocirrus Fuhrmann, 1907
• Acanthocirrus retirostris (Krabbe, 1869) Baer, 1956

Synonyms: Acanthocirrus macrorostratus Fuhrmann, 1907 [139]; Dilepis retirostris (Krabbe, 1869) Fuhrmann, 1908 [140]. Records: Fuhrmann [139]; Meggitt [140]; Canaris et al. [100]. Hosts: Anthus pratensis [139], Calidris alpina [140] and Arenaria interpres [100]. Distribution: Egypt [139,140] and Namibia [100]. Remarks: The synonymy of A. macrorostratus with A. retirostris is after Spasskaya and Spasskii [16].

• Genus Amoebotaenia Cohn, 1899
• Amoebotaenia cuneata (von Linstow, 1872) Cohn, 1899

Synonym: Amoebotaenia sphenoides (Railliet, 1892) Meggitt, 1914 [51]. Records: Hudson [51]; Hodasi [121]; Graber [55]; Mpoame and Agbede [134]; Permit et al. [123]; Adang et al. [124]; Adang et al. [135]; Medjouel and Benakhla [82]. Hosts: “Domestic fowl” [51], Gallus gallus [55,82,121,123,134], Columba livia domestica [124] and Columba guinea [135]. Distribution: Kenya [51], Ghana [121], Ethiopia [55], Cameroon [134], Zimbabwe [123], Nigeria [124,135] and Algeria [82]. Remarks: The synonymy of A. sphenoides with A. cuneata is after Spasskaya and Spasskii [15]. A. cuneata is a specific parasite of G. gallus and the records from Columbiformes are doubtful, probably resulting from wrong identifications.

• Genus Angularella Strand, 1928
• Angularella beema (Clerc, 1906) Strand, 1928

Record: Mahon [52]. Hosts: Hirundo rustica and Oenanthe isabellina. Distribution: Egypt. Remarks: The record from O. isabellina is doubtful because A. beema is a specific parasite of swallows (Spasskaya and Spasskii [15]).

• Genus Anomotaenia Cohn, 1900
• Anomotaenia dubia Meggitt, 1927

Record: Meggitt [140]. Host: Falco tinnunculus (reported as Cerchneis tinnunculus). Distribution: Egypt. Remarks: Spasskya and Spasskii [15] regarded it as the species incertae sedis.

• Anomotaenia citrus (Krabbe, 1869) Fuhrmann, 1908

Synonym: Monopylidium cayennense var. africana Joyeux and Baer, 1928. Record: Joyeux and Baer [46]. Host: Gallinago sp. Distribution: Guinea. Remarks: The synonymy is after Spasskaya and Spasskii [16].

• Anomotaenia clavigera (Krabbe, 1869) Cohn, 1900

Record: Canaris et al. [100]. Host: Arenaria interpres. Distribution: Namibia.

• Anomotaenia hypoleuci Mariaux, 1989

Record: Mariaux [130]. Host: Actitis hypoleucos. Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire.

• Anomotaenia microphallos (Krabbe, 1869) Fuhrmann, 1908

Synonym: “Anomotaenia microcephallos (Krabbe)” [36]. Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Baer [3]. Hosts: Vanellus vanellus [36] and Tringa glareola (reported as Rhycopylus glariola) [3]. Distribution: Egypt [36] and Sudan [3]. Remarks: Fuhrmann [36] reported the species as “microcephallos”, which is a lapsus calami derived from “microphallos”.

• Anomotaenia (sensu lato) prinopsia Mettrick, 1959

Record: Mettrick [141]. Host: Prionops plumatus (misspelled as “Prinops plumata”; see Mettrick [141]). Distribution: Zimbabwe. Remarks: Spasskaya and Spasskii [15] placed this species in the genus Choanotaenia. However, the original description (Mettrick [141]) does not correspond to the generic diagnoses of either Choanotaenia or Anomotaenia, as proposed by Spasskaya and Spasskii [15,16] and Bona [142]. We regard this species as species incertae sedis.

• Anomotaenia procirrosa Fuhrmann, 1909

Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Baer [3]. Host: Pternistis clappertoni (reported as Francolinus clappertoni) [3,36]. Distribution: Sudan [3,36]. Remarks: We regard this species as species incertae sedis.

• Anomotaenia tringae (Burt, 1940) Sandeman, 1959

Records: Baer [40]; Mettrick [143]. Hosts: Tringa glareola [40] and Tringa ochropus [143]. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo [40] and Zambia [143].

• Anomotaenia sp.

Record: Mariaux [44]. Hosts: Batis senegalensis, Platysteira castanea (reported as Dyaphorophyia castanea), Prionops plumatus and Tchagra senegalus. Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire.

• Genus Bonaia Mariaux and Vaucher, 1990
• Bonaia africana Mariaux and Vaucher, 1990

Record: Mariaux and Vaucher [144]. Host: Ceuthmochares aereus. Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire.

• Genus Bucerolepis Spasskii and Spasskii, 1967
• Bucerolepis bycanistis (Mahon, 1954) Spasskii and Spasskii, 1967

Synonym: Dilepis bycanistis Mahon, 1954. Record: Mahon [31]. Host: Bycanistes fistulator sharpii (reported as Bycanistes sharpii sharpii). Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo.

• Genus Burhinotaenia Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1965
• Burhinotaenia coronata (Creplin, 1929) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1977

Synonyms: Paricterotaenia coronata (Creplin, 1829) Fuhrmann, 1932 [3,40,55,60]; Choanotaenia coronata (Creplin, 1829) Fuhrmann, 1908 [36]; Choanotaenia megistacantha Fuhrmann, 1909 [36]; Parachoanotaenia megistacantha (Fuhrmann, 1909) Baer, 1925 [3]. Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Baer [3]; Fuhrmann and Baer [60]; Baer [40]; Graber [55]. Hosts: Burhinus senegalensis (reported as Oedicnemus senegalensis) [3,36], “Charadrius cantinearius” [3], Burhinus capensis (reported as “oedicnème du Cap” or Burhinus capensis affinis) [55,60] and Burhinus vermiculatus [40]. Distribution: Sudan [3,36], Ethiopia [55,60] and Democratic Republic of the Congo [40]. Remarks: Spasskaya and Spasskii [16] believe that the specimens from B. vermiculatus identified by Baer [40] as B. coronata belong to B. delachauxi.

• Burhinotaenia delachauxi (Baer, 1925) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1965

Synonyms: Icterotaenia delachauxi Baer, 1925 [97]; Paricterotaenia coronata (Creplin, 1829) of Mahon (1954) [31]. Records: Baer [97]; Mahon [31]. Hosts: Burhinus sp. (reported as “Drei zehiger Hühnervögel”) [97] and Tringa nebularia [31]. Distribution: Namibia [97] and Democratic Republic of the Congo [31]. Remarks: According to Spasskaya and Spasskii [16], the material of Mahon [31] identified as P. coronata belongs to B. delachauxi. The record from T. nebularia is doubtful (perhaps due to a wrong host identification) because the species of Burhinotaenia are specific parasites of birds of the family Burhinidae.

• Genus Chitinorecta Meggitt, 1927
• Chitinorecta brevicollis (Fuhrmann, 1907) Spasskaya, 1973

Synonyms: Amoebotaenia brevicollis Fuhrmann, 1907 [52,119,139,140]; Liga brevicollis (Fuhrmann, 1907) Sandeman, 1959 [40]; Chitinorecta agnosta Meggitt, 1927 [100,140]. Records: Fuhrmann [139]; Baczyńska [119]; Meggitt [140]; Mahon [52]; Baer [40]; Canaris et al. [100]. Hosts: “Charadrius nubicus” [139], Vanellus spinosus (reported as Hoplopterus spinosus) [40,52,119,139,140], Burhinus oedicnemus (reported as Oedicnemus crepitans) [140], Vanellus sp. [140], Charadrius pecuarius [40] and Charadrius marginatus [100]. Distribution: Egypt [52,119,139,140], Democratic Republic of the Congo [40] and Namibia [100]. Remarks: The synonymy of C. agnosta with C. brevicollis is after Spasskaya and Spasskii [16].

• Chitinorecta setosa (Burt, 1940) Spasskaya and Spasskii, 1978

Synonym: Liga setosa (Burt, 1940) Sandeman, 1959. Record: Baer [40]. Hosts: Vanellus lugubris and Vanellus senegallus. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo.

• Chitinorecta vanelli (Fuhrmann, 1907) Spasskaya and Spasskii, 1978

Synonym: Amoebotaenia vanelli Fuhrmann, 1907. Record: Fuhrmann [139]. Host: “Vanellus dongolanus”. Distribution: Egypt.

• Genus Choanotaenia Railliet, 1896
• Choanotaenia angolensis Mettrick, 1960

Record: Mettrick [145]. Host: Pitta angolensis. Distribution: Zimbabwe.

• Choanotaenia fortunata (Meggitt, 1927) Spasskaya and Spasskii, 1971

Synonym: Anomotaenia fortunata Meggitt, 1927. Record: Meggitt [140]. Host: Falco tinnunculus (reported as Cerchneis tinnunculus). Distribution: Egypt.

• Choanotaenia infundibulum (Bloch, 1779) Railliet, 1896

Records: Joyeux [48]; Hilmy [95]; Badawy [122]; Poulsen et al. [120]; Medjouel and Benakhla [82]; Lawal et al. [83]; Atsanda et al. [127]. Hosts: Gallus gallus [48,82,83,120], Milvus migrans [95], Passer domesticus niloticus [122] and Numida meleagris [127]. Distribution: Tunisia [48], Liberia [95], Egypt [122], Ghana [120], Algeria [82] and Nigeria [83,127]. Remarks: This species is a specific parasite of the domesticated chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). The records from other hosts require confirmation.

• Choanotaenia marchali (Mola, 1907) Lühe, 1910

Record: Mahon [52]. Host: Gallinula chloropus chloropus. Distribution: Egypt. Remarks: Spasskaya and Spasskii [16] regarded this species as species incertae sedis.

• Choanotaenia (sensu lato) megacantha (Rudolphi, 1819) Fuhrmann, 1907

Record: Meggitt [140]. Host: “swallow”. Distribution: Egypt. Remarks: Originally, this species was described on the basis of specimens collected from caprimulgiform birds from South America and Europe (Rudolphi [146]). Spasskaya and Spasskii [15] regarded it as the species incertae sedis. The African record by Meggitt [140] from a “swallow” from Egypt was based on a specimen without scolex. The described cestode fragment was characterised by a cirrus sac measuring 230 × 85 µm and extending to the midline of developed, mature and gravid proglottides and testes, 75–79 in number [140]. Among the known cestode species parasitising hirundinid birds, these characters fit in the range of Vittaburtia magniuncinata (D. R. R. Burt, 1938) Sałamatin, 2019, a species previously reported from Africa [147].

• Choanotaenia mollis (Volz, 1900) Spasskaya and Spasskii, 1971

Synonym: Anomotaenia mollis (Volz, 1900) Fuhrmann, 1908 [46,48,140]. Records: Joyeux [48]; Meggitt [140]; Joyeux and Baer [46]. Hosts: Milvus migrans [48], Falco tinnunculus (reported as Cerchneis tinnunculus) [140] and Gyps africanus [46]. Distribution: Algeria [48], Egypt [140] and Guinea [46].

• Choanotaenia polyorchis (Klaptocz, 1908) Baer, 1925

Synonyms: Monopylidium infundibuliformis var. polyorchis Klaptocz, 1908 [47]; Monopylidium polyorchis Klaptocz, 1908 [37]; Choanotaenia fuhrmanni Skrjabin, 1914 [46,60]. Records: Klaptocz [47]; Fuhrmann [37]; Baer [3]; Joyeux and Baer [46]; Hudson [51]; Fuhrmann and Baer [60]; Mahon [31]; Graber [55]. Hosts: Milvus aegyptius [3,37,47], Milvus aegyptius parasitus [3,51] and Milvus migrans (reported as Milvus korschun) [31,46,55,60]. Distribution: Sudan [3,37,47], Uganda [37,47], Ethiopia [55,60], Democratic Republic of the Congo [31], “West Africa” [46] and Tanzania [51]. Remarks: The synonymy of C. fuhrmanni with C. polyorchis is after Spasskaya and Spasskii [15].

• Choanotaenia strigium Joyeux and Timon-David, 1934

Record: Mahon [52]. Host: Athene noctua. Distribution: Egypt. Remarks: We regard this species as species incertae sedis.

• Choanotaenia trapezoides (Fuhrmann, 1906) Spasskaya and Spasskii, 1971

Synonym: Anomotaenia trapezoides Fuhrmann, 1906 [3,84]. Records: Hungerbühler [84]; Baer [3]. Hosts: Milvus aegyptius [3,84] and Milvus migrans (reported as Milvus ater) [3]. Distribution: Republic of South Africa [3] and Kalahari (Namibia, Botswana and Republic of South Africa) [84]. Remarks: The species was described on the basis of specimens collected from birds in South America [112]. Baer [3] reported it in a list of parasites of Milvus spp. from South Africa (without any morphological information). This record requires confirmation.

• Choanotaenia ululae Mahon, 1954

Record: Mahon [31]. Host: Bubo africanus. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Remarks: We regard this species as species incertae sedis.

• Choanotaenia upupae Fuhrmann, 1943

Record: Fuhrmann [30]. Host: Upupa africana. Distribution: Angola. Remarks: We regard it as a species incertae sedis.

• Genus Cinclotaenia Macy, 1973
• Cinclotaenia dehiscens (Krabbe, 1879) Bona, 1994

Synonymy: Anomotaenia dehiscens (Krabbe, 1879) Fuhrmann, 1908. Record: Mahon [52]. Host: Passer domesticus. Distribution: Egypt. Remarks: The identification is doubtful, since Cinclotaenia dehiscens is a parasite specific to birds of the family Cinclidae. According to Georgiev and Genov [148], the description presented by Mahon [52] corresponded to Monopylidium passerinum Fuhrmann, 1907.

• Genus Dictymetra Clark, 1952
• Dictymetra discoidea (Van Beneden, 1868) Spasskaya and Schumilo, 1971

Synonym: Anomotaenia discoidea (Van Beneden, 1868) Fuhrmann, 1908 [3,36,133]. Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Baer [3]; Joyeux and Gaud [133]. Host: Ciconia ciconia [3,36,133]. Distribution: Sudan [3,36], Egypt [3] and Morocco [133].

• Dictymetra laevigata (Rudolphi, 1819) Spasskaya and Spasskii, 1971

Synonym: Paricterotaenia laevigata (Rudolphi, 1819) Fuhrmann, 1932 [55,60]. Records: Fuhrmann and Baer [60]; Graber [55]. Host: Burhinus capensis (reported as “oedicnème du cap” or Burhinus capensis affinis) [55,60]. Distribution: Ethiopia [55,60].

• Dictymetra nymphaea (Schrank, 1790) Spasskaya and Spasskii, 1971

Synonym: Anomotaenia nymphaea (Schrank, 1790) Fuhrmann, 1908. Record: Mahon [52]. Host: Cursorius cursor cursor. Distribution: Egypt.

• Dictymetra riccii (Fuhrmann and Baer, 1943) Clark, 1952

Records: Fuhrmann and Baer [60]; Mahon [31]; Graber [55]. Host: Ciconia abdimii (reported as Sphenorhynchus abdimii) [31,55,60]. Distribution: Ethiopia [55,60] and Democratic Republic of the Congo [31].

• Genus Dilepis Weinland, 1858
• Dilepis undula (Schrank, 1788) Weinland, 1858

Records: Joyeux [48]; Meggitt [140]. Hosts: Turdus sp. [48] and “Thrush” [140]. Distribution: Algeria [48] and Egypt [140].

• Genus Eburneotaenia Bona, 1994
• Eburneotaenia eburnea (Mariaux and Bona, 1988) Bona, 1994

Synonym: Pseudochoanotaenia eburnea Mariaux and Vaucher, 1988 [44,149]. Records: Mariaux and Vaucher [149]; Mariaux [44]. Hosts: Cisticola cantans swanzii [149], Cisticola erythrops erythrops [149], Cisticola marginatus amphilectus (reported as Cisticola galactotes amphilecta) [149], Cisticola lateralis lateralis [149], Cisticola natalensis strangei [149] and Batis senegalensis [44]. Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire [44,149].

• Genus Echinotaenia Mokhehle, 1951
• Echinotaenia lehaqasia Mokhehle, 1951

Record: Mokhehle [150]. Host: Apus caffer (reported as Caffrapus c. caffer). Distribution: Republic of South Africa.

• Genus Emberizotaenia Spasskaya, 1970
• Emberizotaenia sp.

Record: Mariaux [44]. Hosts: Deleornis fraseri (reported as Anthreptes fraseri), Pycnonotus barbatus and Turdus pelios. Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire.

• Genus Ethiopotaenia Mettrick, 1961
• Ethiopotaenia trachyphonoides Mettrick, 1961

Record: Mettrick [151]. Host: Trachyphonus vaillantii. Distribution: Zimbabwe.

• Genus Fuhrmannolepis Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1965
• Fuhrmannolepis aegyptica (Krabbe, 1869) Spasskaya and Spasskii, 1978

Synonym: Anomotaenia aegyptica (Krabbe, 1869) Joyeux and Baer, 1936. Record: Mahon [52]. Host: Cursorius cursor cursor. Distribution: Egypt.

• Fuhrmannolepis arctica (Baylis, 1919) Spasskaya and Spasskii, 1978

Synonym: Choanotaenia arctica (Baylis, 1919) Fuhrmann, 1932. Record: Joyeux and Baer [152]. Host: Tringa ochropus. Distribution: Ethiopia.

• Fuhrmannolepis joyeuxi (Tseng, 1932) Spasskii and Poznakomkin, 1966

Synonym: Choanotaenia joyeuxi Tseng, 1932 [50,133,152]. Records: Joyeux et al. [50]; Joyeux and Baer [152]; Joyeux and Gaud [133]; Graber [55]. Hosts: Tringa ochropus [50,55,152], Scolopax rusticola [133] and Gallinago sp. [55]. Distribution: Ethiopia [50,152] and Morocco [55,133].

• Genus Gibsonilepis Dimitrova, Mariaux and Georgiev, 2013
• Gibsonilepis swifti (Singh, 1952) Dimitrova, Mariaux and Georgiev, 2013

Record: Dimitrova et al. [153]. Host: Apus affinis. Distribution: Gabon.

• Genus Himantaurus Spasskaya and Spasskii, 1971
• Himantaurus minuta (Cohn, 1901) Spasskaya and Spasskii, 1971

Synonym: Davainea himantopodis Johnston, 1911 [40,100,143]. Records: Baer [40]; Mettrick [143]; Canaris et al. [100]. Hosts: Vanellus crassirostris [40,143] and Charadrius marginatus [100]. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo [40], Zambia [143] and Namibia [100].

• Genus Hirundinicola Birová-Volosinovicová, 1969
• Hirundinicola parvirostris (Krabbe, 1869) Malega and Korniushin, 1990

Synonym: Vitta parvirostris (Krabbe, 1869) Baer, 1959. Record: Baer [40]. Host: Cecropis abyssinica (reported as Hirundo abyssinica unitatis). Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo.

• Genus Icterotaenia Railliet and Henry, 1909
• Icterotaenia pauciannulata (Fuhrmann, 1908) Baer, 1925

Synonym: Choanotaenia pauciannulata Fuhrmann, 1908. Record: Meggitt [140]. Host: Caprimulgus europaeus. Distribution: Egypt. Remarks: The original description of this species is from a caprimulgiform bird from South America [154]. The identification of the material from Egypt requires additional studies.

• Genus Kowalewskiella Baczyńska, 1914
• Kowalewskiella cingulifera (Krabbe, 1869) Lopez-Neyra, 1952

Records: Baer [40]; Mettrick [143]; Graber et al. [56]; Mariaux [130]. Hosts: Tringa glareola [40], Tringa ochropus [143], Gallinago gallinago [56] and Actitis hypoleucos [130]. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo [40], Zambia [143], Ethiopia [56] and Côte d’Ivoire [130].

• Kowalewskiella longiannulata Baczyńska, 1914

Record: Meggitt [140]. Host: Tringa glareola (reported as Totanus glareola). Distribution: Egypt.

• Genus Lateriporus Fuhrmann, 1907
• Lateriporus biuterinus Fuhrmann, 1908

Record: Graber et al. [56]. Host: Anas undulata. Distribution: Ethiopia.

• Genus Liga Weinland, 1857
• Liga brevis (Clerc, 1902) Spasskaya and Spasskii, 1971

Synonym: Choanotaenia brevis (Clerc, 1902). Record: Meggitt [140]. Host: Dryobates minor (reported as Dendrocopus minor). Distribution: Egypt.

• Liga pici (Baer, 1959) Spasskaya and Spasskii, 1971

Synonym: Anomotaenia pici Baer, 1959. Record: Baer [40]. Host: Campethera sp. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo.

• Genus Malika Woodland, 1929
• Malika limosa (Fuhrmann, 1907) Spasskii, 1965

Synonym: Dilepis limosa Fuhrmann, 1907. Record: Fuhrmann [139]. Host: Limosa limosa. Distribution: Egypt.

• Malika odhneri (Fuhrmann, 1909) Sandeman, 1959

Synonym: Dilepis odhneri Fuhrmann, 1909 [3,36,55,60]. Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Baer [3]; Fuhrmann and Baer [60]; Graber [55]. Hosts: Burhinus senegalensis (reported as Oedicnemus senegalensis) [3,36] and Burhinus capensis (reported as Burhinus capensis affinis) [55,60]. Distribution: Sudan [3,36] and Ethiopia [55,60].

• Genus Megalacanthus Moghe, 1926
• Megalacanthus guiarti (Tseng, 1932) Bona, 1994

Synonyms: Choanotaenia guiarti (Tseng, 1932) Fuhrmann, 1932 [41]; Anomotaenia skrjabini (Iwanizky, 1940) Matevosyan, 1963 [100]. Records: Joyeux et al. [41]; Canaris et al. [100]. Hosts: Glareola pratincola [41] and Arenaria interpres [100]. Distribution: Morocco [41] and Namibia [100]. Remarks: The synonymy of A. skrjabini with Panuwa guiarti is after Spasskaya and Spasskii [16]. Panuwa Burt, 1940, was considered a synonym of Megalacanthus [142].

• Megalacanthus guiarti africana (Baer, 1959) Bona, 1994

Synonym: Monopylidium guiarti africanum Baer, 1959. Record: Baer [40]. Host: Vanellus crassirostris. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo.

• Megalacanthus macracanthoides (Fuhrmann, 1907) Bona, 1994

Synonym: Anomotaenia macracanthoides Fuhrmann, 1907. Record: Fuhrmann [139]. Host: Vanellus sp. Distribution: Egypt.

• Megalacanthus macracanthus (Fuhrmann, 1907) Bona, 1994

Synonym: Monopylidium macracanthum Fuhrmann, 1907 [36,139,140]. Records: Fuhrmann [139]; Fuhrmann [36]; Meggitt [140]. Hosts: Tringa ochropus [139], Vanellus spinosus (reported as Hoplopterus spinosus) [36], Vanellus sp. [140] and Vanellus spinosus [140]. Distribution: Egypt [36,139,140] and Sudan [36].

• Megalacanthus southwelli (Fuhrmann, 1932) Bona, 1994

Record: Canaris et al. [100]. Host: Charadrius marginatus. Distribution: Namibia.

• GenusMonopylidium Fuhrmann, 1899
• Monopylidium comoense Mariaux, 2021

Records: Mariaux [44]; Mariaux [155]. Host: Gymnoris dentata (reported as Petronia dentata) [44,155]. Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire [44,155]. Remarks: Mariaux [44] reported this material as Anomotaenia sp.

• Monopylidium musculosum (Fuhrmann, 1896) Fuhrmann, 1899

Record: Wheeb et al. [156]. Host: Passer domesticus. Distribution: Egypt.

• Monopylidium passerinum Fuhrmann, 1907

Synonym: Choanotaenia passerina (Fuhrmann, 1907) Fuhrmann, 1932 [133]. Records: Fuhrmann [139]; Fuhrmann [157]; Joyeux and Gaud [133]. Hosts: “Fringilla ruficeps” [139,157], Passer domesticus [139] and Passer hispaniolensis [133]. Distribution: Egypt [139,157] and Morocco [133].

• Genus Neoliga Singh, 1952
• Neoliga depressa (von Siebold, 1836) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1959

Synonym: Anomotaenia depressa (von Siebold, 1836) Fuhrmann, 1908 [157]; Amoebotaenia frigida Meggitt, 1927 [140]. Records: Fuhrmann [157]; Meggitt [140]. Hosts: Apus caffer streubelii (reported as Cypselus streubeli) [157] and Apus apus (reported as Cypselus apus) [140]. Distribution: “North Africa” [157] and Egypt [140]. Remarks: The synonymy of A. frigida with N. depressa is after Spasskaya and Spasskii [15].

• Neoliga depressoides (Dolffus, 1958) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1966

Synonym: Anomotaenia depressoides Dollfus, 1958. Record: Dollfus [158]. Host: Apus pallidus brehmorum. Distribution: Morocco.

• Genus Onderstepoortia Ortlepp, 1938
• Onderstepoortia coronati Mettrick, 1961

Records: Mettrick [159]; Mettrick [143]. Host: Vanellus coronatus (reported as Stephanibyx coronatus) [143,159]. Distribution: Zimbabwe [143,159].

• Onderstepoortia taeniaeformis Ortlepp, 1938

Record: Ortlepp [104]. Host: Burhinus capensis capensis. Distribution: Republic of South Africa.

• Onderstepoortia tringae (Joyeux, Baer and Martin, 1937) Sandeman, 1959

Synonym: Choanotaenia tringae Joyeux, Baer and Martin, 1937 [55,72]. Records: Joyeux et al. [72]; Graber [55]. Host: Tringa sp. [55,72]. Distribution: Ethiopia [55,72].

• Onderstepoortia vanellorum Baer, 1959

Record: Baer [40]. Hosts: Vanellus lugubris and Vanellus senegallus. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo.

• Genus Paricterotaenia Fuhrmann, 1932
• Paricterotaenia porosa (Rudolphi, 1810) Fuhrmann, 1932

Synonym: Choanotaenia porosa (Rudolphi, 1810) López-Neyra, 1951. Record: Meggitt [140]. Host: Larus fuscus. Distribution: Egypt.

• Genus Polycercus Villot, 1883
• Polycercus embryo (Krabbe, 1869) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1970

Synonym: Choanotaenia embryo (Krabbe, 1869) Clerc, 1911. Record: Meggitt [140]. Host: Vanellus spinosus. Distribution: Egypt.

• Polycercus nilotica (Krabbe, 1869) Spasskaya and Spasskii, 1978

Synonym: Choanotaenia nilotica (Krabbe, 1869) Railliet, 1896. Record: Meggitt [140]. Hosts: Cursorius cursor (reported as Cursorius isabellinus) and Cursorius somalensis (reported as Cursorius gallicus). Distribution: Egypt.

• Polycercus paradoxa (Rudolphi, 1802) Spasskaya and Spasskii, 1970

Synonym: Choanotaenia paradoxa (Rudolphi, 1802) Cohn, 1899 [36,140]. Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Meggitt [140]. Hosts: Vanellus spinosus (reported as Hoplopterus spinosus) [36] and Tringa sp. [140]. Distribution: Egypt [36,140] and Sudan [36].

• Genus Pseudangularia Burt, 1938
• Pseudangularia brachycolpos (Dollfus, 1958) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1966

Synonym: Anomotaenia brachycolpos Dollfus, 1958. Record: Dollfus [158]. Host: Apus pallidus brehmorum. Distribution: Morocco.

• Pseudangularia gonzalezi Dimitrova, Mariaux and Georgiev, 2013

Record: Dimitrova et al. [153]. Host: Apus affinis. Distribution: Gabon.

• Pseudangularia thompsoni Burt, 1938

Record: Joyeux et al. [41]. Host: Apus pallidus. Distribution: Morocco. Remarks: Originally, P. thompsoni was described in swifts from Sri Lanka (Burt [160]). The identification of these specimens from swifts in Morocco needs confirmation.

• Genus Pseudochoanotaenia Burt, 1938
• Pseudochoanotaenia collocaliae Burt, 1938

Record: Baer [40]. Host: Apus caffer streubeli. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo.

• Genus Sacciuterina Matevosyan, 1963
• Sacciuterina arquata (Clerc, 1906) Matevosyan, 1963

Synonym: Paricterotaenia arquata (Clerc, 1906) Fuhrmann, 1932 [40,55,60]. Records: Fuhrmann and Baer [60]; Baer [40]; Graber [55]. Hosts: Burhinus capensis (reported as “oedicnème du cap” or Burhinus capensis affinis) [55,60] and Burhinus vermiculatus [40]. Distribution: Ethiopia [55,60] and Democratic Republic of the Congo [40]. Remarks: The identification of this material needs to be confirmed. P. arquata is a specific parasite of Numenius. The shape of the rostellar hooks corresponds to the hooks of Burhinotaenia.

• Genus Sobolevitaenia Spasskaya and Makarenko, 1965
• Sobolevitaenia sobolevi passkaya and Makarenko, 1965

Record: Mariaux [44]. Host: Anthus leucophrys. Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire.

• Sobolevitaenia sp.

Record: Mariaux [44]. Host: Macronyx croceus. Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire.

• Genus Spiniglans Yamaguti, 1959
• Spiniglans constricta (Molin, 1858) Bona, 1994

Synonym: Choanotaenia corvi Joyeux, Baer and Martin, 1937 [31,55,60,72]. Records: Joyeux et al. [72]; Fuhrmann and Baer [60]; Mahon [31]; Graber [55]. Hosts: Corvus rhipidurus (reported as Rhinocorax rhipidurus) [60,72], Corvus albus [31] and “corbeau noir queue etagee” (possibly Corvus crassirostris Rüppell) [55]. Distribution: Ethiopia [55,60,72] and Democratic Republic of the Congo [31]. Remarks: The synonymy is after Spasskaya and Spasskii [15].

• Spiniglans microsoma (Southwell, 1922) Yamaguti, 1959

Record: Wheeb et al. [156]. Host: Passer domesticus. Distribution: Egypt.

• Spiniglans thomassankara Mariaux, 2021

Record: Mariaux [44]; Mariaux [155]. Hosts: Ploceus nigerrimus [44] and Ploceus castaneofuscus (reported as Ploceus nigerrimus castaneofuscus) [155]. Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire. Remarks: The material was originally identified as Anomotaenia sp. (Mariaux [44]).

• Genus Spreotaenia Spasskii, 1969
• Spreotaenia abassenae (Joyeux, Baer and Martin, 1936) Spasskii, 1969

Synonym: Choanotaenia abassenae Joyeux, Baer and Martin, 1936 [50,55]. Records: Joyeux et al. [50]; Graber [55]; Mariaux [44]. Hosts: Lamprotornis superbus (reported as Spreo superbus) [50,55] and Bleda canicapillus [44]. Distribution: Ethiopia [50,55] and Côte d’Ivoire [44].

• Genus Stenovaria Spasskii and Borgarenko, 1973
• Stenovaria facile (Meggitt, 1927) Spasskaya and Spasskii, 1978

Synonyms: Anomotaenia facile Meggitt, 1927 [140]; Anomotaenia trivialis Meggitt, 1927 [140]; Liga facile (Meggitt, 1927) Szpotanska, 1931 [55,60]. Records: Meggitt [140]; Fuhrmann and Baer [60]; Graber [55]. Hosts: Burhinus oedicnemus (reported as Oedicnemus crepitans) [140] and Burhinus capensis (originally reported as “oedicnème du cap” or Burhinus capensis affinis) [55,60]. Distribution: Egypt [140] and Ethiopia [55,60].

• Stenovaria falsificata (Meggitt, 1927) Spasskii and Borgarenko, 1973

Synonym: Choanotaenia falsificata Meggitt, 1927. Record: Meggitt [140]. Host: Burhinus oedicnemus (reported as Oedicnemus crepitans). Distribution: Egypt.

• Genus Trichocephaloidis Sinitzin, 1896
• Trichocephaloidis birostrata Clerc, 1906

Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Baer [3]. Hosts: Calidris ferruginea (reported as Tringa “subarquata”) [36], Calidris ferruginea (reported as Tringa “rubaquata”) [3] and Tringa totanus (reported as Totanus calidris) [3]. Distribution: Egypt [36] and Sudan [3,36].

• Genus Vittaburtia Sałamatin, 2019

Synonym: Vitta D. R. R. Burt, 1938, preoccupied

• Vittaburtia magniuncinata (D. R. R. Burt, 1938) Sałamatin, 2019

Synonym: Vitta magniuncinata D. R. R. Burt, 1938. Record: Baer [40]. Host: Cecropis abyssinica (reported as Hirundo abyssinica unitatis). Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Remarks: See remarks on Vittaburtia rustica.

• Vittaburtia riparia (Dubinina, 1953) Sałamatin, 2019

Synonym: Vitta riparia (Dubinina, 1953) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1966. Record: Georgiev and Bray [147]. Host: Riparia riparia. Distribution: Sudan.

• Vittaburtia rustica (Neslobinsky, 1911) Sałamatin, 2019

Synonym: Anomotaenia rustica Neslobinsky, 1914 [58,133]. Records: Joyeux and Gaud [133]; Baer and Fain [58]. Host: Hirundo rustica [58,133]. Distribution: Morocco [133] and Democratic Republic of the Congo [58]. Remarks: In addition to the above records, this species was recorded in Cecropis abyssinica (reported as Hirundo abyssinica unitatis) (Hirundinidae) from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Baer [40]). Georgiev and Bray [147], based on the published morphometrical data, believe that the described specimens belong to Vittaburtia magniuncinata.

• Family Dioicocestidae Southwell, 1930
• Genus Dioicocestus Fuhrmann, 1900
• Dioicocestus asper (Mehlis, 1831) Fuhrmann, 1900

Record: Baer [3]. Host: Tachybaptus ruficollis capensis. Distribution: “East Africa”. Remarks: Southwell [161] misspelled the name of the genus as “Dioecocestus” and the name of the family as “Dioecocestidae”. This misspelling was followed by several subsequent publications (Yamaguti [8]; Schmidt [20]; Jones [162]).

• Genus Gyrocoelia Fuhrmann, 1899
• Gyrocoelia crassa (Fuhrmann, 1900) Baer, 1940

Record: Baer [40]. Hosts: Himantopus himantopus and Vanellus crassirostris. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo.

• Gyrocoelia leuce Fuhrmann, 1900

Synonym: Gyrocoelia brevis Fuhrmann, 1900 [3,36,68,84]. Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Hungerbühler [84]; Skrjabin [68]; Baer [3]. Hosts: Vanellus spinosus [3,36], “Strandläufers” (Calidris sp.?) [84] and Charadrius alexandrinus (reported as Charadrius cantianus) [68]. Distribution: Egypt [36], Sudan [3,36], South Africa [84], South Sudan [68] and Uganda [68]. Remarks: The synonymy is after Ryzhikov and Tolkacheva [19].

• Gyrocoelia kiewietti Ortlepp, 1937

Records: Ortlepp [131]; Mahon [31]; Mettrick [143]. Hosts: Vanellus armatus (reported as Hoplopterus armatus) [131], Actophilornis africanus [31], Tringa nebularia [31], Vanellus crassirostris (reported as Hemiparra crassirostris) [31] and Pluvialis squatarola [143]. Distribution: Republic of South Africa [131], Democratic Republic of the Congo [31] and Zimbabwe [143]. Remarks: Ryzhikov and Tolkacheva [19] considered G. kiewietti as a synonym of G. coronata (Krefft, 1873) (syn. G. austaliensis Johnston, 1912), a species described from Himantopus leuchocephalus from Australia. According to Johnston [163], the original description of this species was based on a mixture of fragmented specimens of different families. We recognised the proposed synonymy of the African G. kiewietti with G. coronata as premature.

• Gyrocoelia perversa Fuhrmann, 1899

Records: Fuhrmann [37]; Joyeux et al. [41]; Baer [40]; Schmidt and Canaris [164]; Canaris et al. [100]. Hosts: Actophilornis africanus [37], Himantopus himantopus [37], Vanellus spinosus [37], Himantopus himantopus [41], Charadrius pecuarius [40] and Charadrius marginatus [100,164]. Distribution: Sudan [37], Uganda [37], Morocco [41], Democratic Republic of the Congo [40], Republic of South Africa [164] and Namibia [100].

• Genus Infula Burt, 1939
• Infula burhini Burt, 1939

Record: Ukoli [39]. Host: Himantopus himantopus. Distribution: Ghana.

• Family Dipylidiidae Railliet, 1896
• Genus Diskrjabiniella Matevosyan, 1953
• Diskrjabiniella avicola (Fuhrmann, 1906) Matevosyan, 1953

Synonym: Dipylidium avicola Fuhrmann, 1906 [3,112]. Records: Fuhrmann [112]; Baer [3]. Host: Gyps coprotheres [3,112]. Distribution: Republic of South Africa [3,112]. Remarks: According to Bona (in Jones [162]), Diskrjabiniella is probably a synonym of Diplopylidium Beddard, 1913. Khalil et al. [21] regarded Diskrjabiniella Matevosyan, 1953, as a genus inquirendum.

• Diskrjabiniella columbae (Fuhrmann, 1908) Matevosyan, 1953

Synonym: Dipylidium columbae Fuhrmann, 1908. Record: Fuhrmann [154]. Host: Columba sp. Distribution: Egypt.

• Family Gryporhynchidae Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1973
• Genus Amirthalingamia Bray, 1974
• Amirthalingamia macracantha (Joyeux and Baer, 1936) Bray, 1974

Synonyms: Dilepis delachauxi Fuhrmann, 1909 sensu Joyeux and Baer (1930) [106]; Paradilepis macracantha Joyeux and Baer, 1936 [165]. Records: Joyeux and Baer [106]; Joyeux and Baer [165]; Bray [166]. Hosts: Microcarbo africanus [106,165] and Phalacrocorax carbo [166]. Distribution: Mali [106], Niger [165] and Sudan [166]. Remarks: The reidentification of the material of Joyeux and Baer [106] is after Joyeux and Baer [165] and Bray [166].

• Genus Cyclorchida Fuhrmann, 1907
• Cyclorchida congolensis Bona, 1975

Records: Mahon [31]; Graber et al. [56]. Host: Platalea alba [31,56]. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo [31] and Ethiopia [56]. Remarks: Bona [14] described this species based on specimens reported by Mahon [31] as Cyclorchida omalancristrota.

• Cyclorchida omalancristrota (Wedl, 1855) Fuhrmann, 1907

Records: Fuhrmann [139]; Baer [3]; Hudson [51]; Meggitt [140]. Host: Platalea leucorodia [3,51,139,140]. Distribution: Egypt [139,140], Sudan [3] and Tanzania [51].

• Genus Cyclustera Fuhrmann, 1901
• Cyclustera capito (Rudolphi, 1819) Fuhrmann, 1901

Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Baer [3]. Host: Mycteria ibis (reported as Pseudotantalus ibis) [3,36]. Distribution: Sudan [3,36].

• Cyclustera magna (Baer, 1959) Bona, 1975

Synonym: Parvitaenia magna Baer, 1959. Record: Baer [40]. Host: Mycteria ibis. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo.

• Genus Dendrouterina Fuhrmann, 1912
• Dendrouterina herodiae Fuhrmann, 1912

Records: Fuhrmann [37]; Baer [3]; Mettrick [143]. Hosts: Egretta garzetta (reported as Herodias garzetta) [37,143] and Egretta garzetta garzetta [3]. Distribution: Sudan [3,37], Uganda [37] and Zambia [143].

• Dendrouterina macrosphincter (Fuhrmann, 1901) Baer and Bona, 1960

Synonyms: Dilepis macrosphincter Fuhrmann, 1909 [3,31,36]; Lateriporus mahdiaensis Joyeux, 1923 [48,106]; Mashonalepis daffyddi Beverley-Burton, 1960 [143,167]; Mashonalepis ardeius Mettrick, 1967 [143]. Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Joyeux [48]; Baer [3]; Joyeux and Baer [106]; Mahon [31]; Beverley-Burton [167]; Mettrick [143]; Mariaux [44]. Hosts: Ardeola ralloides [3,36], Ardea purpurea [31,44,48], “Ardeidae” [106], Ardea cinerea [143,167], Ardea alba [143] and Nycticorax nycticorax [143]. Distribution: Egypt [36], Sudan [3,36], Tunisia [48], Mali [106], Democratic Republic of the Congo [31], Zimbabwe [143,167], Zambia [159] and Côte d’Ivoire [44]. Remarks: The synonymy of L. mahdiaensis, M. daffyddi and M. ardeius with D. macrosphincter is after Bona [14].

• Genus Neogryporhynchus Baer and Bona, 1960
• Neogryporhynchus lasiopeius Baer and Bona, 1960

Records: Mettrick [143]; Mariaux [44]. Host: Ardea purpurea [44,143]. Distribution: Zambia [143] and Côte d’Ivoire [44].

• Genus Paradilepis Hsü, 1935
• Paradilepis delachauxi (Fuhrmann, 1909) Joyeux and Baer, 1936

Synonym: Oligorchis delachauxi Fuhrmann, 1909 [3,36]. Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Baer [3]; Joyeux and Baer [46]; Fuhrmann [30]; Mahon [168]; Baer [40]; Mariaux [44]. Hosts: Microcarbo africanus [3,30,36,40,44,168] and “Cormoran” [46]. Distribution: Angola [30,36], Sudan [3], Benin [46], Democratic Republic of the Congo [40,168] and Côte d’Ivoire [44]. Remarks: Joyeux and Baer [46] reported their material as Dilepis scolecina (Rudolphi, 1819) Fuhrmann, 1908. Later, they reidentified it as P. delachauxi [165].

• Paradilepis lloydi (Southwell, 1926) Spasskii, 1954

Synonyms: Hymenolepis lloydi Southwell, 1926 [169]; Hymenolepis variacanthos Southwell and Lake, 1939 [170]. Records: Southwell [169]; Southwell and Lake [170]. Hosts: “Large stork” [169] and Mycteria ibis (reported as Ibis ibis) [170]. Distribution: Nigeria [169] and Democratic Republic of the Congo [170]. Remarks: The synonymy of H. variacanthos with P. lloydi is after Bona [14].

• Paradilepis maleki Khalil, 1961

Record: Khalil [171]. Host: Threskiornis aethiopicus. Distribution: Sudan.

• Paradilepis multihamata (Meggitt, 1927) Hsü, 1935

Synonym: Hymenolepis multihamata Meggitt, 1927. Record: Meggitt [140]. Host: Milvus aegyptius. Distribution: Egypt.

• Paradilepis phalacrocoracis Ukoli, 1967

Record: Ukoli [172]. Host: Microcarbo africanus. Distribution: Ghana. Remarks: Bona [14] regarded it as species inquirenda.

• Paradilepis scolecina (Rudolphi, 1819) Hsü, 1935

Synonym: Dilepis scolecina (Rudolphi, 1819) Fuhrmann, 1908 [28,106]. Records: Joyeux and Baer [106]; Baer [28]. Host: Microcarbo africanus [28,106]. Distribution: Mali [106] and Mozambique [28].

• Paradilepis urceus (Wedl, 1855) Joyeux and Baer, 1950

Records: Baer [40]; Graber et al. [56]. Hosts: Mycteria ibis [40] and Platalea alba [56]. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo [40] and Ethiopia [56].

• Genus Parvitaenia Burt, 1940
• Parvitaenia macropeos (Wedl, 1855) Baer and Bona, 1960

Synonym: Parvitaenia echinatia Mettrick, 1967. Record: Mettrick [143]. Host: Nycticorax nycticorax. Distribution: Zambia. Remarks: The synonymy is after Bona [14].

• Parvitaenia megascolecina (Ukoli, 1967) Bona, 1975

Synonym: Anomotaenia megascolecina Ukoli, 1967. Record: Ukoli [172]. Host: Egretta garzetta garzetta. Distribution: Ghana.

• Parvitaenia samfyia Mettrick, 1967

Record: Mettrick [143]. Hosts: Ardea purpurea and Ardeola ralloides. Distribution: Zambia.

• Genus Valipora Linton, 1927
• Valipora mutabilis Linton, 1927

Record: Mettrick [143]. Host: Nycticorax nycticorax. Distribution: Zambia. Remarks: Mettrick [143] reported his specimens as Valipora campylancristrota (Wedl, 1855) Baer and Bona, 1960. Bona [14] reidentified them as V. mutabilis.

• Valipora sp.

Record: Mariaux [44]. Host: Butorides striata. Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire.

• Family Hymenolepididae Perrier, 1897
• Genus Amphipetrovia Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954
• Amphipetrovia biaculeata (Fuhrmann, 1909) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954

Synonym: Hymenolepis biaculeata Fuhrmann, 1909 [3,36,173]. Records: Fuhrmann [173]; Fuhrmann [36]; Baer [3]. Host: Alopochen aegyptiaca (reported as Chenolopex aegyptiacus) [3,36,173]. Distribution: Tanzania [173], Egypt [36], Sudan [36] and “East Africa” [3].

• Genus Aploparaksis Clerc, 1903
• Aploparaksis crassirostris (Krabbe, 1869) Clerc, 1903

Records: Meggitt [140]; Southwell and Lake [94]. Hosts: Calidris pugnax (reported as Pavoncella pugnax) [140] and Glareola nuchalis (reported as Galachrysia nuchalis nuchalis) [94]. Distribution: Egypt [140] and Democratic Republic of the Congo [94]. Remarks: The record from Glareola nuchalis is doubtful. Bondarenko et al. [174] regarded A. crassirostris as a specific parasite of Gallinago gallinago.

• Aploparaksis filum (Goeze, 1782) Clerc, 1903

Records: Meggitt [140]; Joyeux and Gaud [133]; Mahon [52]. Hosts: Calidris minuta (reported as Limonites minuta) [140], Scolopax rusticola [133] and Gallinago gallinago (reported as Capella gallinago) [52]. Distribution: Egypt [52,140] and Morocco [133].

• Aploparaksis parafilum Gasowska, 1931

Record: Joyeux and Baer [152]. Host: Gallinago sp. Distribution: Ethiopia. Remarks: Joyeux and Baer [152] misspelled the generic name as “Haploparaxis”.

• Genus Armadoskrjabinia Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954
• Armadoskrjabinia magniuncinata (Meggitt, 1927) Yamaguti, 1959

Synonym: Hymenolepis magniuncinata Meggitt, 1927. Record: Meggitt [140]. Host: Pelecanus onocrotalus. Distribution: Egypt.

• Armadoskrjabinia medici (Stossich, 1890) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954

Synonym: Hymenolepis medici (Stossich, 1890) Fuhrmann, 1906 [3,36,40,140]. Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Baer [3]; Meggitt [140]; Baer [40]. Hosts: Pelecanus rufescens [3,36,40] and Pelecanus onocrotalus [140]. Distribution: Egypt [36,140], Sudan [3,36] and Democratic Republic of the Congo [40].

• Armadoskrjabinia parvicirrosa (Meggitt, 1927) Yamaguti, 1959

Synonym: Hymenolepis parvicirrosa Meggitt, 1927. Record: Meggitt [140]. Host: Pelecanus sp. Distribution: Egypt.

• Armadoskrjabinia parviuncinata (Meggitt, 1927) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954

Synonym: Hymenolepis parviuncinata Meggitt, 1927. Record: Meggitt [140]. Hosts: Pelecanus onocrotalus and Pelecanus sp. Distribution: Egypt.

• Genus Avocettolepis Spasskii and Kornyushin, 1971
• Avocettolepis vaginata (Baczyńska, 1914) Spasskii and Kornyushin, 1971

Synonyms: Hymenolepis vaginata Baczyńska, 1914 [119]; Hymenolepis innominata Meggitt, 1927 [140]. Records: Baczyńska [119]; Meggitt [140]. Host: Recurvirostra avosetta [119,140]. Distribution: Egypt [119,140]. Remarks: The synonymy of H. innominata with A. vaginata is after Schmidt [20].

• Genus Capiuterilepis Oshmarin, 1962
• Capiuterilepis naja (Dujardin, 1945) Oschmarin, 1962

Synonym: Hymenolepis naja (Dujardin, 1845). Record: Meggitt [140]. Host: Sitta europea. Distribution: Egypt.

• Genus Citrilolepis Dimitrova, Georgiev, Mariaux and Vasileva, 2019
• Citrilolepis citrili Dimitrova, Georgiev, Mariaux and Vasileva, 2019

Record: Dimitrova et al. [175]. Host: Crithagra citrinelloides. Distribution: Ethiopia.

• Genus Cladogynia Baer, 1938
• Cladogynia phoeniconaiadis (Hudson, 1934) Baer, 1937

Records: Hudson [51]; Baer [176]; Jones and Khalil [177]; Beasley et al. [178]. Host: Phoeniconaias minor [51,176,177,178]. Distribution: Kenya [51,176,177,178].

• Genus Cloacotaenia Wolffhügel, 1938
• Cloacotaenia glandularis (Fuhrmann, 1909) Yamaguti, 1959

Synonym: Hymenolepis glandularis Fuhrmann, 1909 [3,36]. Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Baer [3]. Host: Himantopus himantopus [3,36]. Distribution: Egypt [36] and Sudan [3,36].

• Cloacotaenia megalops (Nitzsch in Creplin, 1829) Wolffhügel, 1938

Synonym: Hymenolepis megalops (Nitzsch in Creplin, 1829) [140]. Records: Meggitt [140]; Hudson [51]; Graber [55]; Woodall [179]. Hosts: Anas platyrhynchos (reported as Anas boschas) [140], Spatula clypeata [140], Netta erythrophthalma [51], “oie d’Egypte” (Alopochen aegyptiaca?) [55] and Anas erythrorhyncha [179]. Distribution: Egypt [140], Kenya [51], Ethiopia [55] and Zimbabwe [179].

• Genus Confluaria Ablasov in Spasskaya, 1966
• Confluaria furcifera (Krabbe, 1869) Spasskaya, 1966

Synonym: Hymenolepis furcifera (Krabbe, 1869) Szymanski, 1905. Record: Joyeux [48]. Host: Tachybaptus ruficollis. Distribution: Tunisia.

• Confluaria multistriata (Rudolphi, 1810) Pojmanska, 1996

Synonym: Hymenolepis multistriata (Rudolphi, 1810) Cohn, 1901 [42,51]. Record: Solomon [42]; Hudson [51]. Host: “coot” (in the original text, the putative host is Podiceps sp.) [42,51]. Distribution: Kenya [42,51]. Remarks: The metrical data reported by Solomon [42] differ from those presented in the redescription based on specimens from Europe, including types [180]. The identification of the material of Solomon [42] requires confirmation.

• Genus Diorchis Clerc, 1903
• Diorchis acuminata (Clerc, 1902) Clerc, 1903

Synonym: Diorchis maroccana Dollfus, 1975. Record: Dollfus [63]. Host: Fulica atra. Distribution: Morocco. Remarks: The synonymy is after McLaughlin and Burt [181] and Vasileva et al. [182].

• Diorchis brevis Rybicka, 1957

Record: McLaughlin [183]. Host: Fulica cristata. Distribution: Republic of South Africa.

• Diorchis inflata (Rudolphi, 1819) Clerc, 1903

Record: Meggitt [140]. Host: Fulica atra. Distribution: Egypt.

• Diorchis longicirrosa Meggitt, 1927

Records: Meggitt [140]; Mahon [52]. Hosts: Fulica atra [140] and Anas crecca [52,140]. Distribution: Egypt [52,140]. Remarks: The original description is poor and based on specimens without rostellar hooks (Meggitt [140]). Spasskaya [13] considered it as “species dubia” (= nomen dubium?). We regard it as the species inquirenda.

• Diorchis longiovum Schiller, 1953

Record: Graber et al. [56]. Host: Anas undulata. Distribution: Ethiopia.

• Diorchis turkestanica Skrjabin, 1914

Synonym: Diorchis americana var. turkestanica Skrjabin, 1914 [50,55]. Records: Joyeux et al. [50]; Graber [55]. Host: Fulica cristata [50,55]. Distribution: Ethiopia [50,55]. Remarks: Schulz [184] proposed D. americana var. turkestanica to be considered as a distinct species.

• Diorchis sp.

Record: Baer and Fain [58]. Host: Dendrocygna bicolor. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo.

• Genus Diploposthe Jacobi, 1896
• Diploposthe laevis (Bloch, 1782) Jacobi, 1897

Records: Meggitt [140]; Hudson [51]; Baer and Fain [58]; Graber et al. [56]. Hosts: Aythya fuligula (reported as Fuligula cristata) [140], Anas erythrorhyncha [58] and Netta erythrophthalma [51,56]. Distribution: Egypt [140], Democratic Republic of the Congo [58], Ethiopia [56] and Kenya [51].

• Genus Dollfusilepis Vasileva, Georgiev and Genov, 1998
• Dollfusilepis hoploporus (Dollfus, 1951) Vasileva, Georgiev and Genov, 1998

Synonym: Hymenolepis hoploporus Dollfus, 1951. Record: Dollfus [185]. Host: Podiceps cristatus. Distribution: Morocco.

• Genus Drepanidotaenia Railliet, 1892
• Drepanidotaenia ardeae (Fuhrmann, 1906) Skrjabin and Matevosyan, 1945

Synonyms: Hymenolepis ardeae Fuhrmann, 1906 [31,46]; Hymenolepis unilateralis (Rudolphi, 1819) Fuhrmann, 1906 [94]. Records: Joyeux and Baer [46]; Southwell and Lake [94]; Mahon [31]; Ukoli [172]. Hosts: Butorides striata (reported as Butorides atricapilla) [46,172] and Butorides striata atricapilla [31,94]. Distribution: Guinea [46], Democratic Republic of the Congo [31,94] and Ghana [172].

• Drepanidotaenia sp.

Record: Mariaux [44]. Host: Butorides striata. Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire.

• Genus Echinocotyle Blanchard, 1891
• Echinocotyle birmanica (Meggitt, 1927) Yamaguti, 1959

Synonym: Hymenolepis birmanica Meggitt, 1927. Record: Meggitt [140]. Host: Spatula clypeata. Distribution: Egypt.

• Echinocotyle capensis McLaughlin, 1989

Record: McLaughlin [186]. Hosts: Anas capensis and Anas smithii. Distribution: Republic of South Africa.

• Echinocotyle dolosa Joyeux and Baer, 1928

Records: Joyeux and Baer [46]; Joyeux et al. [50]; Southwell and Lake [94]; Graber [55]; Idris [187]; Mariaux [44]; Bâ et al. [188]. Hosts: Euplectes franciscanus pusillus (reported as Pyromelana franciscana) [46], Spermestes cucullata (reported as Lonchura cucullata) [44,46], Vidua chalybeata ultramarina (reported as Hypochera ultramarina ultramarina) [50,55], Vidua macroura [50,55], Spermophaga haematina (reported as Spermaspiza haematina postulata) [94], Ploceus badius badius [187], Ploceus cucullatus abyssinicus [187], Quelea quelea aethiopica [187], Spermestes bicolor poensis (reported as Lonchura poensis) [44], Spermestes fringilloides (reported as Lonchura fringilloides) [44], Amandava subflava [188], Euodice malabarica (reported as Lonchura malabarica) [188], Lagonosticta senegala [188], Ploceus cuccullatus [188] and Quelea quelea [188]. Distribution: Senegal [46,188], Benin [46], Democratic Republic of the Congo [94], Ethiopia [50,55], Sudan [187] and Côte d’Ivoire [44]. Remarks: Southwell and Lake [94] identified specimens from Spermophaga haematina as Echinocotyle rosseteri Blanchard, 1891, a species parasitic in charadriiform birds. They provided morphological data of the rostellar hooks and the sucker hooklets, which corresponded well to the description of E. dolosa, as described by Joyeux and Baer [46]. On this basis, as well as taking into account that their material was sampled from an estrildid bird, we believe that their specimens belonged to E. dolosa.

• Echinocotyle longirostris (Rudolphi, 1819) Deblock, 1964

Synonym: Hymenolepis longirostris Rudolphi, 1819. Record: Baer [40]. Hosts: Calidris minuta (reported as Erolia minuta), Charadrius pecuarius and Vanellus spinosus (reported as Hoplopterus spinosus). Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo.

• Echinocotyle multiglandularis (Baczyńska, 1914) Lopez-Neyra, 1942

Synonyms: Hymenolepis (Echinocotyle) multiglandularis Baczyńska, 1914 [119]; Hymenolepis multiglandularis Baczyńska, 1914 [140]. Records: Baczyńska [119]; Meggitt [140]; Baer [40]. Hosts: Larus fuscus [119,140] and Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus (reported as Larus cirrocephalus) [40]. Distribution: Egypt [119,140] and Democratic Republic of the Congo [40].

• Echinocotyle tenuis Clerc, 1906

Synonym: “Hymenolepis tenuis Clerc, 1906” of Meggitt [140]. Record: Meggitt [140]. Host: Calidris alpina (reported as Pelidna alpina). Distribution: Egypt. Remarks: The identification is doubtful, because Meggitt [140] mentioned that suckers were not armed.

• Echinocotyle verschureni (Baer, 1959) Macko, 1964

Synonym: Hymenolepis verschureni Baer, 1959. Record: Baer [40]. Hosts: Chlidonias hybrida and Gelochelidon nilotica. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo.

• Genus Echinolepis Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954
• Echinolepis carioca (Magalhaes, 1898) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954

Synonym: Hymenolepis carioca (Magalhaes, 1898) Ransom, 1902 [3,31,48,51,82,83,121,124,126,134,135]. Records: Joyeux [48]; Baer [3]; Mahon [31]; Hodasi [121]; Mpoame and Agbede [134]; Adang et al. [124]; Adang et al. [135]; Medjouel and Benakhla [82]; Yousfi et al. [126]; Lawal et al. [83]; Hudson [51]. Hosts: Gallus gallus [31,48,82,83,121,126,134], Numida meleagris [3] Columba livia domestica [124], Columba guinea [135] and “Domestic fowl” [51]. Distribution: Tunisia [48], “West Africa” [3], Democratic Republic of the Congo [31], Ghana [121], Cameroon [134], Nigeria [83,124,135], Algeria [82,126] and Kenya [51]. Remarks: The records in columbiform birds are doubtful, because this species is a specific parasite of galliform birds.

• Genus Echinorhynchotaenia Fuhrmann, 1909
• Echinorhynchotaenia tritesticulata Fuhrmann, 1909

Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Baer [3]; Joyeux and Baer [46]; Southwell and Lake [170]; Fuhrmann [30]; Mahon [31]; Baer and Fain [58]; Baer and Fain [67]; Ukoli [189]. Hosts: Anhinga rufa rufa [31,36,58,170], Anhinga rufa [3,30,67,189] and Anhinga anhinga (reported as Plotus anhinga) [46]. Distribution: Egypt [36], Sudan [3,36], Benin [46], Democratic Republic of the Congo [31,58,67,170], Angola [30] and Ghana [189].

• Genus Fimbriaria Frölich, 1802
• Fimbriaria fasciolaris (Pallas, 1781) Frölich, 1802

Records: Meggitt [140]; Hudson [51]; Joyeux et al. [50]; Graber [55]. Hosts: Aythya fuligula (reported as Fuligula cristata) [140], Netta erythrophthalma [51] and Alopochen aegyptiaca [50,55]. Distribution: Egypt [140], Kenya [51] and Ethiopia [50,55].

• Genus Fimbriasacculus Alexander and McLaughlin, 1996
• Fimbriasacculus africanensis Alexander and McLaughlin, 1996

Record: Alexander and McLaughlin [190]. Hosts: Anas capensis, Anas erythrorhyncha and Anas undulata. Distribution: Republic of South Africa.

• Genus Flamingolepis Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954
• Flamingolepis dolguschini Gvozdev and Maksimova, 1968

Record: Jones and Khalil [177]. Host: Phoeniconaias minor. Distribution: Kenya.

• Flamingolepis megalorchis (Lühe, 1898) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954

Synonym: Hymenolepis megalorchis (Lühe, 1898). Record: Meggitt [140]. Host: Phoenicopterus roseus (reported as Phoenicopterus antiquorum). Distribution: Egypt.

• Flamingolepis tengizi Gvozdev and Maksimova, 1968

Records: Jones and Khalil [177]; Beasley et al. [178]. Host: Phoeniconaias minor [177,178]. Distribution: Kenya [177,178]. Remarks: Specimens reported by Jones and Khalil [177] differ significantly from the original description of F. tengizi. Therefore, this material from Kenya needs additional confirmation.

• Genus Helicoductus Deblock and Canaris, 2001
• Helicoductus thulakoceras Deblock and Canaris, 2001

Records: Deblock and Canaris [191]; Canaris et al. [100]. Host: Charadrius marginatus [100,191]. Distribution: Republic of South Africa [191] and Namibia [100].

• Genus Hispaniolepis Lopez-Nayra, 1942
• Hispaniolepis falsata (Meggitt, 1927) Lopez-Neyra, 1942

Synonym: Hymenolepis falsata Meggitt, 1927 [140]. Records: Meggitt [140]; Myers et al. [110]. Hosts: Chlamydotis undulata (reported as Otis houbara) [140] and Numida meleagris meleagris [110]. Distribution: Egypt [140] and Sudan [110].

• Hispaniolepis fedtschenkowi (Soloviow, 1911) Lopez-Neyra, 1942

Synonym: Hymenolepis fedtschenkowi Soloviow, 1911 [60]. Records: Fuhrmann and Baer [60]; Graber [55]. Hosts: Numida meleagris meleagris [60] and “pintade”—guinea fowl [55]. Distribution: Ethiopia [55,60].

• Hispaniolepis tetracis (Cholodkovsky, 1906) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954

Synonym: Hymenolepis tetracis Cholodkovsky, 1906 [46,66,95]. Records: Joyeux and Baer [46]; Hilmy [95]; Dollfus [66]. Hosts: “Otidiformes” [46], Numida sp. [95] and Tetrax tetrax [66]. Distribution: Guinea [46], Liberia [95] and Morocco [66].

• Hispaniolepis villosa (Bloch, 1782) Lopez-Neyra, 1942

Synonym: Hymenolepis villosa (Bloch, 1782) Railliet, 1899 [3,37,48,66]. Records: Fuhrmann [37]; Joyeux [48]; Baer [3]; Dollfus [66]; Graber [55]. Hosts: Numida meleagris (reported as Numida ptilorhyncha) [3,37], Numida sp. [48], Chlamydotis undulata [66], Otis tarda [66], Tetrax tetrax [66] and “pintade”—guinea fowl [55]. Distribution: Sudan [37], Uganda [37], Guinea [48], “East Africa” [3], Morocco [66] and Ethiopia [55].

• Genus Hymenolepis Weinland, 1858, sensu lato
• Hymenolepis (sensu lato) ambigua Clerc, 1906

Records: Joyeux and Baer [46]; Dollfus [66]. Hosts: “Otidiformes” [46] and Tetrax tetrax [66]. Distribution: Guinea [46] and Morocco [66]. Remarks: Species inquirenda.

• Hymenolepis (sensu lato) fanatica Meggitt, 1927

Record: Meggitt [140]. Host: Phoenicopterus sp. Distribution: Egypt. Remarks: Species inquirenda.

• Hymenolepis (sensu lato) fructifera Meggitt, 1927

Record: Meggitt [140]. Host: Spatula clypeata (reported as Anas clypeata). Distribution: Egypt. Remarks: Species inquirenda.

• Hymenolepis (sensu lato) fruticosa Meggitt, 1927

Record: Meggitt [140]. Host: Spatula clypeata (reported as Anas clypeata). Distribution: Egypt. Remarks: Species inquirenda.

• Hymenolepis (sensu lato) futilis Meggitt, 1927

Record: Meggitt [140]. Host: Platalea leucorodia. Distribution: Egypt. Remarks: Species inquirenda.

• Hymenolepis (sensu lato) garruli Joyeux, Baer and Gaud, 1951

Record: Joyeux et al. [41]. Host: Coracias garrulus. Distribution: Morocco. Remarks: Species inquirenda.

• Hymenolepis (sensu lato) kowalewski Baczyńska, 1914

Record: Meggitt [140]). Host: Fulica atra. Distribution: Egypt. Remarks: Species inquirenda.

• Hymenolepis (sensu lato) parvirostellata (von Linstow, 1901) Fuhrmann, 1906

Record: Baer [3]. Host: Eurystomus glaucurus. Distribution: “Africa (?)”. Remarks: Species inquirenda.

• Hymenolepis (sensu lato) phalacrocorax (Woodland, 1929) Fuhrmann, 1932

Record: Baer [28]. Host: Microcarbo africanus. Distribution: Mozambique. Remarks: Species inquirenda. This species was proposed as a type of species of the genus Woodlandia Yamaguti, 1959. The original description was based on fragmented specimens without scoleces, probably belonging to more than one species.

• Hymenolepis (sensu lato) rhodesiensis Baer, 1933

Synonym: Hymenolepis rhodesiensis Baer, 1933. Record: Baer [28]. Host: Lybius torquatus. Distribution: Zimbabwe. Remarks: Species inquirenda. This species was placed in the genus Schmelzia Yamaguti, 1959 (Yamaguti [8]). Czaplinski and Vaucher [192] considered Schmelzia to be a synonym of the genus Hymenolepis Weinland, 1858.

• Hymenolepis (sensu lato) uliginosa (Krabbe, 1882) Fuhrmann, 1906

Record: Meggitt [140]. Host: Chlamydotis undulata (reported as Otis houbara). Distribution: Egypt. Remarks: Species inquirenda.

• Genus Jardugia Southwell and Hilmy, 1929
• Jardugia paradoxa Southwell and Hilmy, 1929

Record: Southwell and Hilmy [193]. Host: Ardea sp. Distribution: Nigeria.

• Genus Microsomacanthus Lopez-Neyra, 1942
• Microsomacanthus abortiva (von Linstow, 1904) Lopez-Neyra, 1942

Synonym: Hymenolepis abortiva von Linstow, 1904 [140,194]. Record: von Linstow [194]; Meggitt [140]. Hosts: Anas platyrhynchos (reported as Anas boschas or Anas boschasfera) [140,194] and Spatula clypeata (reported as Anas clypeata) [140]. Distribution: Nigeria [194] and Egypt [140].

• Microsomacanthus collaris (Batsch, 1786) Lopez-Neyra, 1942

Synonym: Hymenolepis collaris (Batsch, 1786) Fuhrmann, 1908. Record: Meggitt [140]. Host: Spatula clypeata (reported as Anas clypeata). Distribution: Egypt.

• Microsomacanthus cormoranti (Ortlepp, 1938) Yamaguti, 1959

Synonym: Hymenolepis cormoranti Ortlepp, 1938. Record: Ortlepp [29]. Host: Microcarbo africanus (reported as Microcarbo africana africanoides). Distribution: Republic of South Africa.

• Microsomacanthus filirostris (Wedl, 1855) Lopez-Neyra, 1942

Synonym: Hymenolepis filirostris (Wedl, 1855). Record: Meggitt [140]. Host: Platalea leucorodia. Distribution: Egypt.

• Microsomacanthus macrotesticulata Alexander and McLaughlin, 1993

Record: Alexander and McLaughlin [195]. Hosts: Anas erythrorhyncha, Anas undulata and Netta erythrophthalma. Distribution: Republic of South Africa.

• Microsomacanthus pauciannulata (Meggitt, 1927) Lopez-Neyra, 1942

Synonym: Hymenolepis pauciannulata Meggitt, 1927 [52,140]. Record: Meggitt [140]; Mahon [52]. Hosts: Spatula querquedula (reported as Anas querquedula) [52] and Spatula clypeata (reported as Anas clypeata) [140]. Distribution: Egypt [52,140].

• Microsomacanthus pauciovata(Meggitt, 1927) Lopez-Neyra, 1942

Synonym: Hymenolepis pauciovata Meggitt, 1927. Record: Meggitt [140]. Host: Spatula clypeata (reported as Anas clypeata). Distribution: Egypt.

• Microsomacanthus styloides (Fuhrmann, 1906) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954

Synonyms: Hymenolepis styloides Fuhrmann, 1906 [196]; Hymenolepis spinosa von Lintow, 1906 [31,94]. Records: Fuhrmann [196]; Southwell and Lake [94]; Mahon [31]. Hosts: “Vanellus aegypticus” [196] and Rostratula benghalensis [31,94]. Distribution: Egypt [196] and Democratic Republic of the Congo [31,94].

• Genus Nadejdolepis Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954
• Nadejdolepis arenariae (Cabot, 1969) Deblock and Canaris, 2000

Record: Canaris et al. [100]. Host: Arenaria interpres. Distribution: Namibia.

• Nadejdolepis magnisaccis (Meggitt, 1927) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954

Synonym: Hymenolepis magnisaccis Meggitt, 1927. Record: Meggitt [140]. Host: Calidris minuta (reported as Limonites minuta). Distribution: Egypt.

• Nadejdolepis nitidulans (Krabbe, 1882) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954

Synonym: Hymenolepis nitidulans (Krabbe, 1882) Fuhrmann, 1906. Record: Baer [40]. Host: Tringa glareola. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo.

• Genus Oligorchis Fuhrmann, 1906
• Oligorchis kwangensis Southwell and Lake, 1939

Record: Southwell and Lake [94]. Host: Glareola nuchalis (reported as Galachrysia nuchalis nuchalis). Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo.

• Oligorchis toxometra Joyeux and Baer, 1928

Record: Joyeux and Baer [46]. Host: Gallinago sp. Distribution: Guinea.

• Genus Ortleppolepis Spasskii, 1965
• Ortleppolepis multiuncinata(Ortlepp, 1963) Spasskii, 1965

Synonym: Hispaniolepis multiuncinata Ortlepp, 1963 [64]. Records: Ortlepp [64]; Junker and Boomker [65]. Hosts: Guttera edouardi [64] and Numida meleagris [65]. Distribution: Zambia [64] and Republic of South Africa [65].

• Genus Oshmarinolepis Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954
• Oshmarinolepis microcephala (Rudolphi, 1819) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954

Synonym: Hymenolepis microcephala (Rudolphi, 1819) Fuhrmann, 1906 [3,36,40,46,106]. Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Baer [3]; Joyeux and Baer [46]; Joyeux and Baer [106]; Baer [40]; Graber [55]. Hosts: Plegadis falcinellus (reported as Plegadis automnalis) [3,36], Nycticorax nycticorax [3], Ardea cinerea [3], Ardea purpurea [3], Ciconia ciconia [3], Leptoptilos crumenifer (reported as Leptoptilus crumeniferus) [46], Ibis sp. [106], Mycteria ibis [40] and Ciconia abdimii (reports Sphenorhynchus abdimii) [55]. Distribution: Egypt [36], Sudan [3,36], Benin [46], Mali [106], Democratic Republic of the Congo [40] and Ethiopia [55].

• Genus Paraoschmarinolepis Greben, Kornyushin and Mariaux, 2017
• Paraoschmarinolepis multiformis (Creplin, 1892) Greben, Kornyushin and Mariaux, 2017

Synonym: Hymenolepis multiformis (Creplin, 1829) Fuhrmann, 1906 [3,31,36,60]. Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Baer [3]; Fuhrmann and Baer [60]; Mahon [31]. Hosts: Ciconia ciconia [36], Leptoptilos crumenifer [36], Mycteria ibis (reported as Pseudotantalus ibis) [36], Ardea cinerea [3], Ciconia abdimii (reported as Sphenorhynchus abdimii) [60] and “cigogne” [31]. Distribution: Egypt [36], Sudan [3,36], Ethiopia [60] and Democratic Republic of the Congo [31].

• Genus Passerilepis Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954
• Passerilepis acirrosa (Fuhrmann, 1943) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1964

Synonym: Hymenolepis acirrosa Fuhrmann, 1943. Record: Fuhrmann [30]. Host: Upupa africana. Distribution: Angola. Remarks: The species was described on the basis of materials without scoleces. The generic position requires additional verification. We consider it as species incertae sedis.

• Passerilepis crenata (Goeze, 1782) Sultanov and Spasskaya, 1959

Synonyms: Taenia angulata Rudolphi, 1810 [197]; Hymenolepis serpentulus (Schrank, 1788) Fuhrmann, 1908 [41,48,133,140]. Records: Krabbe [197]; Joyeux [48]; Meggitt [140], Joyeux and Gaud [133]; Joyeux et al. [41]. Hosts: Turdus philomelos (reported as Turdus musicus) [197], Turdus merula [48], Corvus corax [140], Corvus cornix [140], Chloris chloris [133] and Sylvia atricapilla [41]. Distribution: Egypt [140,197], Algeria [48] and Morocco [41,133]. Remarks: The synonymy is after Fuhrmann [157] and Spasskii and Spasskaya [198,199].

• Passerilepis oena (Ortlepp, 1938) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954

Synonym: Hymenolepis oena Ortlepp, 1938. Record: Ortlepp [85]. Host: Oena capensis. Distribution: Republic of South Africa.

• Passerilepis passerina (Fuhrmann, 1907) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954

Synonym: Hymenolepis passerina Fuhrmann, 1907. Record: Fuhrmann [139]. Host: Turdus sp. (reported as Turdus parochus). Distribution: Egypt.

• Passerilepis passeris (Gmelin, 1790) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954

Synonyms: Hymenolepis fringillarum (Rudolphi, 1809) Fuhrmann, 1908 [52,94]; Hymenolepis fringillarum var. tingitanensis Joyeux and Gaud, 1945 [133]. Records: Southwell and Lake [94]; Joyeux and Gaud [133]; Mahon [52]; Mariaux [44]. Hosts: Dicrurus modestus coracinus [94], Linaria cannabina [133], Carduelis carduelis [133], Lanius senator niloticus [52] and Eurillas virens (reported as Andropadus virens) [44]. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo [94], Morocco [133], Egypt [52] and Côte d’Ivoire [44]. Remarks: The synonymy is after Spasskaya [13].

• Passerilepis pellucida (Fuhrmann, 1906) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954

Synonym: Hymenolepis pellucida Fuhrmann, 1906. Record: Ukoli [172]. Host: Rostratula benghalensis. Distribution: Ghana.

• Passerilepis streptopeliae (Joyeux and Baer, 1935) Sultanov, 1963

Synonym: Hymenolepis streptopeliae Joyeux and Baer, 1935 [50,55]. Records: Joyeux et al. [50]; Graber [55]. Host: Streptopelia capicola [50,55]. Distribution: Ethiopia [50,55].

• Passerilepis stylosa (Rudolphi, 1809) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954

Synonym: Hymenolepis stylosa (Rudolphi, 1809) Railliet, 1899 [52,94]. Records: Southwell and Lake [94]; Mahon [52]. Hosts: Baeopogon indicator indicator [94] and Muscicapa striata striata [52]. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo [94] and Egypt [52].

• Passerilepis zimbebel Dimitrova, Georgiev, Mariaux and Vasileva, 2019

Record: Dimitrova et al. [175]. Host: Terpsiphone viridis. Distribution: Ethiopia.

• Passerilepis sp.

Record: Mariaux [44]. Hosts: Criniger barbatus, Criniger calurus, Hirundo rustica, Illadopsis cleaveri (reported as Malacocincla cleaveri) and Terpsiphone rufiventer. Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire

• Genus Phoenicolepis Jones and Khalil, 1980
• Phoenicolepis nakurensis Jones and Khalil, 1980

Records: Jones and Khalil [177]; Beasley et al. [178]. Host: Phoeniconaias minor [177,178]. Distribution: Kenya [177,178].

• Genus Retinometra Spasskii, 1955
• Retinometra longicirrosa (Fuhrmann, 1906) Spasskii, 1963

Record: Graber et al. [56]. Host: Anas undulata. Distribution: Ethiopia. Remarks: Alexander and McLaughlin [200] considered the identification of this material as doubtful and supposed that it belonged to the genus Sobolevicanthus Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954.

• Retinometra serrata (Fuhrmann, 1906) Spasskaya, 1966

Synonyms: Hymenolepis serrata Fuhrmann, 1906 [60]; Sobolevicanthus serratus (Fuhrmann, 1906) Yamaguti, 1959 [55]; Hymenolepis rugosus Clerc, 1906 [3,48]. Records: Joyeux [48]; Baer [3]; Fuhrmann and Baer [60]; Graber [55]. Hosts: Columba livia var. domestica [48], Columba livia livia [48], Streptopelia turtur arenicola [48], Columba guinea guinea [3,60] and “pigeon de Guinée”—Columba guinea [55]. Distribution: Tunisia [48], Sudan [3] and Ethiopia [55,60]. Remarks: The synonymy of H. rugosus with R. serrata is after Fuhrmann [5].

• Genus Sobolevicanthus Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954
• Sobolevicanthus columbae (Zeder, 1800) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954

Synonym: Hymenolepis columbae (Zeder, 1800) [28,48]. Records: Joyeux [48]; Baer [28]. Hosts: Columba livia livia [48], Streptopelia turtur arenicola [48] and Aplopelia larvata [28]. Distribution: Tunisia [48] and Zimbabwe [28]. Remarks: The generic position of this species requires additional studies. The remaining species of this genus are parasitic in waterfowl [13,192].

• Sobolevicanthus gracilis (Zeder, 1803) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954

Synonym: Hymenolepis gracilis (Zeder, 1803). Record: Meggitt [140]. Host: Chlamydotis undulata (reported as Otis houbara). Distribution: Egypt. Remarks: This record is based on a single scolex (Meggitt [140]). The identification is doubtful, because S. gracilis is a specific parasite of anatid birds [13].

• Sobolevicanthus octacantha (Krabbe, 1869) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954

Synonym: Hymenolepis octacantha (Krabbe, 1868) Cohn, 1901 [58,140]. Records: Meggitt [140]; Baer and Fain [58]. Hosts: Anas acuta [140] and Plectropterus gambensis [58]. Distribution: Egypt [140] and Democratic Republic of the Congo [58].

• Sobolevicanthus transvaalensis McLaughlin, 1984

Record: McLaughlin [201]. Host: Anas capensis. Distribution: Republic of South Africa.

• Genus Staphylepis Spasskii and Oschmarin, 1954
• Staphylepis ambilateralis Mariaux and Vaucher, 1991

Record: Mariaux and Vaucher [202]. Hosts: Cinnyris chloropygius, Cinnyris cupreus, Cinnyris sp., Cyanomitra cyanolaema and Cyanomitra olivacea. Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire.

• Staphylepis cantaniana (Polonio, 1860) Spasskii and Oschmarin, 1954

Synonym: Hymenolepis cantaniana (Polonio, 1860) Ransom, 1909 [65,83,121,124,134]. Records: Hodasi [121]; Mpoame and Agbede [134]; Graber [55]; Junker and Boomker [65]; Adang et al. [124]; Lawal et al. [83]. Hosts: Gallus gallus [55,83,121,134], Numida meleagris [65] and Columba livia domestica [124]. Distribution: Ghana [121], Cameroon [134], Ethiopia [55], Republic of South Africa [65] and Nigeria [83,124].

• Genus Thaumasiolepis Mariaux and Vaucher, 1989
• Thaumasiolepis microarmata Mariaux and Vaucher, 1989

Record: Mariaux and Vaucher [105]. Hosts: Gymnobucco bonapartei, Gymnobucco calvus calvus and Lybius dubius. Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire.

• Genus Tschertkovilepis Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954
• Tschertkovilepis setigera (Froelich, 1789) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954

Record: Graber [55]. Host: “l’oie d’Egypte” (Alopochen aegyptiaca—?). Distribution: Ethiopia.

• Genus Variolepis Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954
• Variolepis bilharzii (Krabbe, 1869) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954

Synonym: Hymenolepis bilharzii (Krabbe, 1869) Fuhrmann, 1906 [46,50,52]. Records: Joyeux and Baer [46]; Joyeux et al. [50]; Mahon [52]; Graber [55]. Hosts: Dicrurus fuscipennis (reported as Buchanga atra) [46], Cercotrichas galactotes (reported as Agrobates galactoides) [50,55], Tchagra senegalus (reported as Tchagra senegala habessinica) [50,55] and “bird” [52]. Distribution: Guinea [46], Egypt [52] and Ethiopia [50,55].

• Variolepis columbina (Fuhrmann, 1909) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954

Synonym: Hymenolepis columbina Fuhrmann, 1909 [3,36]. Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Baer [3]. Host: Oena capensis [3,36]. Distribution: Egypt [36] and Sudan [3,36].

• Variolepis farciminosa (Goeze, 1782) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954

Synonym: Hymenolepis farciminosa (Goeze, 1782) Railliet, 1899 [31]. Records: Mahon [31]; Mariaux [44]. Hosts: Corvus albus [31] and Turdoides plebejus [44]. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo [31] and Côte d’Ivoire [44].

• Variolepis fernandensis (Nybelin, 1929) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954

Record: Mariaux [44]. Host: Turdus pelios. Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire. Remarks: The species was originally described from South America (Nybelin [203]). The identification of the African material needs confirmation based on comparative studies.

• Variolepis sp.

Record: Mariaux [44]. Hosts: Anthus leucophrys, Cisticola sp., Macronyx croceus and Tchagra senegalus. Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire.

• Genus Wardium Mayhew, 1925
• Wardium himantopodis (Krabbe, 1869) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954

Synonym: Hymenolepis himantopodis (Krabbe, 1869) Fuhrmann, 1906 [3,36,140]. Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Baer [3]; Meggitt [140]. Hosts: Himantopus himantopus [3,36] and Recurvirostra avosetta [140]. Distribution: Egypt [36,140] and Sudan [3,36].

• Wardium hughesi (Webster, 1947) Mariaux, 1989

Record: Mariaux [130]. Host: Charadrius hiaticula. Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire. Remarks: Bondarenko and Kontrimavichus [24] considered the material of Mariaux [130] as belonging to Wardium hymenolepidoideus (Deblock and Rose, 1964), a taxon originally described as Oligorchis paucitesticulatus hymenolepidoideus Deblock and Rose, 1964, from Charadrius hiaticula from the Atlantic coast of France (Baie de Canche). Since this opinion was not based on the examination of types of W. hymenolepidoideus, the identification needs further confirmation.

• Wardium longosacco (Joyeux and Baer, 1939) Deblock and Canaris, 2000

Records: Deblock and Canaris [204]; Canaris et al. [100]. Host: Charadrius marginatus [100,204]. Distribution: Republic of South Africa [204] and Namibia [100].

• Wardium paraclavicirrus Oschmarin, 1963

Synonym: Wardium calumnacantha (Schmidt, 1963) Bondarenko and Kontrimavichus, 1978. Record: Graber et al. [56]. Host: Gallinago gallinago. Distribution: Ethiopia. Remarks: The synonymy is after Bondarenko and Kontrimavichus [24].

• Wardium porale (Meggitt, 1927) Gvozdev, 1964

Synonym: Hymenolepis porale Meggitt, 1927 [140,143]. Records: Meggitt [140]; Mettrick [143]. Hosts: Glareola practinicola [140] and Glareola nordmanni [143]. Distribution: Egypt [140] and Zambia [143].

• Wardium recurvirostrae (Krabbe, 1869) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 195

Synonym: Hymenolepis recurvirostrae (Krabbe, 1869) Railliet, 1899 [40,140,205]. Records: Meggitt [140]; Joyeux and Baer [205]; Baer [40]. Hosts: Recurvirostra avosetta [140], Gallinago macrodactyla [205] and Himantopus himantopus [40]. Distribution: Egypt [140], Madagascar [205] and Democratic Republic of the Congo [40].

• Wardium recurvirostroides (Meggitt, 1927) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954

Synonym: Hymenolepis recurvirostroides Meggitt, 1927. Record: Meggitt [140]. Host: Gallinago sp. Distribution: Egypt.

• Wardium tsengi (Joyeux and Baer, 1940) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1954

Synonyms: Hymenolepis tsengi Joyeux and Baer, 1940 [205]; Dicranotaenia tsengi (Joyeux and Baer, 1940) Yamaguti, 1959 [55]; Hymenolepis recurvirostrae var. magnosacco Joyeux, Baer and Martin, 1936 [50]. Records: Joyeux et al. [50]; Joyeux and Baer [205]; Graber [55]. Host: Himantopus himantopus [50,55,205]. Distribution: Sudan [205] and Ethiopia [50,55].

• Wardium sp.

Record: Mariaux [44]. Host: Glareola pratincola. Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire.

• Family Mesocestoididae Perrier, 1897
• Genus Mesocestoides Vaillant, 1863
• Mesocestoides charadrii Fuhrmann, 1909

Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Baer [3]. Host: Calidris minuta (reported as Limonites minuta) [3,36]. Distribution: Egypt [36] and Sudan [3,36].

• Mesocestoides perlatus (Goeze, 1782) Mühling, 1898

Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Joyeux and Baer [46]; Baer [28]; Dollfus [185]; Bisseru [71]. Hosts: Circaetus cinereus [28], Circaetus gallicus [36,185], Gyps africanus [46] and Terathopius ecaudatus [71]. Distribution: Sudan [36], Guinea [46], Zimbabwe [28], Morocco [185] and Zambia [71].

• Family Metadilepididae Spasskii, 1959
• Genus Pseudadelphoscolex Mariaux, Bona and Vaucher, 1992
• Pseudadelphoscolex eburnensis Mariaux, Bona and Vaucher, 1992

Record: Mariaux et al. [206]. Host: Terpsiphone rufiventer. Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire.

• Genus Skrjabinoporus Spasskii and Borgarenko, 1960
• Skrjabinoporus merops (Woodland, 1928) Spasskii and Borgarenko, 1960

Synonym: Lateriporus merops Woodland, 1928 [41,61]. Records: Woodland [61]; Joyeaux et al. [41]; Mahon [52]; Mariaux and Vaucher [105]. Hosts: Merops apiaster [41,52,61,105], Merops albicollis [105] and Merops gularis [105]. Distribution: Sudan [61,105], Egypt [52], Morocco [41] and Côte d’Ivoire [105].

• Genus Yapolepis Mariaux, 1991
• Yapolepis yapolepis Mariaux, 1991

Record: Mariaux [207]. Host: Phyllastrephus icterinus. Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire.

• Family Paruterinidae Fuhrmann, 1907
• Genus Anonchotaenia Cohn, 1900
• Anonchotaenia castellanii Fuhrmann and Baer, 1943

Records: Fuhrmann and Baer [60]; Graber [55]. Host: Eurocephalus rueppelli [55,60]. Distribution: Ethiopia [55,60].

• Anonchotaenia globata (von Linstow, 1879) Fuhrmann, 1908

Records: Fuhrmann [157]; Joyeux and Gaud [133]; Mahon [52]; Baer [40]; Mariaux [208]. Hosts: “? Nectarinia calcarata” [157], Hirundo rustica [133], Anthus rufulus [52], Passer domesticus [52], Cecropis abyssinica (reported as Hirundo abyssinica unitatis) [40] and Psalidoprocne obscura [208]. Distribution: “Africa” [157], Morocco [133], Egypt [52], Democratic Republic of the Congo [40] and Côte d’Ivoire [208].

• Anonchotaenia longiovata (Fuhrmann, 1901) Fuhrmann, 1908

Record: Mariaux [208]. Host: Cecropis semirufa (reported as Hirundo semirufa). Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire. Remarks: The original description of this species was based on museum materials collected from several bird species belonging to the families Icteridae, Fringillidae and Threskiornithidae from South America (Fuhrmann [209]). The presence of A. longiovata in Africa requires additional verification.

• Anonchotaenia malaconoti Mariaux, 1991

Record: Mariaux [208]. Host: Malaconotus blanchoti. Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire. Remarks: Placed in the subgenus Paranonchotaenia Mariaux, 1991.

• Anonchotaenia oriolina Cholodkovsky, 1906

Record: Meggitt [140]. Host: Oriolus oriolus (reported as Oriolus galbula). Distribution: Egypt.

• Anonchotaenia prionopos Mariaux, 1991

Record: Mariaux [208]. Host: Prionops plumatus. Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire. Remarks: Placed in the subgenus Paranonchotaenia Mariaux, 1991.

• Genus Ascometra Cholodkovsky, 1912
• Ascometra choriotidis Adams and Rausch, 1986

Record: Adams and Rausch [210]. Host: Ardeotis kori. Distribution: Kenya.

• Ascometra scheuermani Adams and Rausch, 1986

Record: Adams and Rausch [210]. Host: Ardeotis kori. Distribution: Kenya.

• Ascometra vestita Cholodkovsky, 1913

Records: Meggitt [140]; Dollfus [66]; Graber et al. [56]. Hosts: Chlamydotis undulata (reported as Otis houbara) [66,140] and Lophotis ruficrista (reported as Lophotis ruficristata) [56,66]. Distribution: Egypt [140], Morocco [66] and Ethiopia [56]. Remarks: Specimens from Chlamydotis undulata were identified as Inermicapsifer otidis Meggitt, 1927, by Meggitt [54], and reidentified as A. vestita by Baer [92].

• Genus Biuterina Fuhrmann, 1902
• Biuterina africana Joyeux and Baer, 1928

Synonyms: Paruterina pentamyzos Mettrick, 1960 [211]; Biuterina pentamyzos (Mettrick, 1960) Matevosyan, 1964 [212]. Records: Mettrick [211]; Joyeux and Baer [46]; Fuhrmann [30]; Mariaux [44]; Georgiev et al. [212]; Georgiev and Mariaux [213]. Hosts: Prionops plumatus poliocephalus [211,212], Tchagra senegalus (reported as Pomatorhynchus senegalum) [30,44,46,213], Bocagia minuta (reported as Tchagra minuta anchietae) [30,213], Tchagra australis [213] and Tchagra senegalus senegalus (reported as Tchagra senegala pallida) [213]. Distribution: Zimbabwe [211,212], Benin [46,213], Angola [30,213], Côte d’Ivoire [44,213] and Guinea [213].

• Biuterina cordifera Murai and Sulgostowska, 1983

Record: Georgiev and Mariaux [213]. Host: Acrocephalus arundinaceus. Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire. Remarks: Reported as Paruterina sp. by Mariaux [44].

• Biuterina cylindrica Fuhrmann, 1908 (?)

Records: Southwell and Lake [170]; Mahon [31]. Host: Chlorocichla falkensteini (reported as Astimastillas falhensteini) [31,170]. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo [31,170]. Remarks: B. cylindrica was described as a parasite of the family Thraupidae, which has a Neotropical distribution. The identification of this material from a bird of the family Pycnonotidae (occurring in the Old World only) requires additional verification.

• Biuterina fallax Meggitt, 1928

Record: Meggitt [38]. Host: Merops apiaster. Distribution: Egypt.

• Biuterina macrancistrota (Fuhrmann, 1908) Mariaux and Vaucher, 1989

Synonym: Biuterina meropina var. macrancistrota Fuhrmann, 1908 [31,38,46,170]. Records: Meggitt [38]; Joyeux and Baer [46]; Southwell and Lake [170]; Mahon [31]; Mariaux and Vaucher [105]. Hosts: Merops apiaster [38,105], Merops albicollis [46,105], Dryoscopus angolensis angolensis [170], Merops nubicoides [31,170], Dryoscopus angolensis [31], Merops albifrons [105] and Merops superciliosus [105]. Distribution: Egypt [38], Benin [46], Democratic Republic of the Congo [31,170] and Côte d’Ivoire [105].

• Biuterina meropina (Krabbe, 1869) Fuhrmann, 1908

Record: Fuhrmann [214]. Host: Merops superciliosus. Distribution: Egypt.

• Biuterina passerina Fuhrmann, 1908

Record: Joyeux et al. [41]. Host: Lanius senator. Distribution: Morocco.

• Biuterina petroniae Georgiev and Mariaux, 2007

Record: Georgiev and Mariaux [213]. Host: Gymnoris dentata (reported as Petronia dentata). Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire.

• Biuterina pogoniuli Georgiev and Mariaux, 2007

Record: Georgiev and Mariaux [213]. Host: Pogoniulus scolopaceus. Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire. Remarks: Reported as Paruterina sp. by Mariaux [44].

• Biuterina triangula (Krabbe, 1869) Fuhrmann, 1908

Record: Georgiev and Mariaux [213]. Host: Anthus leucophrys gouldii. Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire.

• Biuterina quelea (Mettrick, 1963) Spasskii, 1977

Synonym: Paruterina quelea Mettrick, 1963 [215]. Records: Mettrick [215]; Georgiev et al. [212]. Host: Quelea quelea [212,215]. Distribution: Zambia [212,215] and Zimbabwe [212,215]. Remarks: The species was described from the vicinity of Lake Kariba on the border between the two countries.

• Biuterina ugandae Baylis, 1919

Records: Baylis [116]; Baer [3] Hudson [51]; Georgiev et al. [212]. Hosts: Chalcomitra senegalensis gutturalis (reported as Cinnyris gutturalis) [3,51,116] and Chalcomitra senegalensis [212]. Distribution: Uganda [51,116,212] and “East Africa” [3]. Remarks: The type–material was redescribed by Georgiev et al. [212].

• Biuterina zambiensis (Mettrick, 1960) Matevosyan, 1964

Synonym: Paruterina zambiensis Mettrick, 1960 [211]. Records: Mettrick [211]; Georgiev et al. [212]. Hosts: Campephaga phoenicea [211] and Campephaga flava [212]. Distribution: Zimbabwe [211,212]. Remarks: The type–material was redescribed by Georgiev et al. [212].

• Biuterina sp.

Record: Mariaux [44]. Host: Sylvietta virens. Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire.

• Genus Cladotaenia Cohn, 1901
• Cladotaenia aquilastur Mettrick, 1963

Record: Mettrick [216]. Host: Hieraaetus ayresii. Distribution: Zimbabwe.

• Cladotaenia armigera (Volz, 1900) Fuhrmann, 1932

Synonym: Taenia armigera Volz, 1900. Record: Volz [217]. Host: Falco biarmicus (reported as Falco nubicus). Distribution: Egypt.

• Cladotaenia cylindracea (Bloch, 1782) Cohn, 1901

Synonym: Taenia cylindracea Bloch, 1782 [36]. Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Baer [3]; Joyeux and Baer [46]; Meggitt [38]; Joyeux and Baer [106]; Baer [28]. Hosts: Micronisus gabar [36], Circus cyaneus [36], “Falcones” [3], Terathopius ecaudatus (reported as Helotarsus ecaudatus) [46], Circus aeruginosus (reported as Falco aeruginosus) [38], Milvus sp. [106] and Lophaetus occipitalis [28]. Distribution: Egypt [36,38], Sudan [36], “East Africa” [3], Guinea [46], Mali [106] and Tanzania [28].

• Cladotaenia freani Ortlepp, 1938

Record: Ortlepp [104]. Host: Aquila verreauxii (reported as Pteroaetus verreauxi). Distribution: Republic of South Africa.

• Cladotaenia globifera (Batsch, 1786) Cohn, 1901

Synonym: Taenia globifera Batsch, 1786 [37,47]. Records: Klaptocz [47]; Fuhrmann [37]. Host: Falco tinnunculus [37,47]. Distribution: Sudan [37,47] and Uganda [37,47].

• Cladotaenia melierax (Woodland, 1929) Fuhrmann and Baer, 1943

Synonym: Rhabdometra melierax Woodland, 1929 [218]. Records: Woodland [218]; Fuhrmann and Baer [60]; Graber [55]. Hosts: Micronisus gabar (reported as Melierax gabar) [218], Accipiter badius sphenurus [60] and Accipiter badius klossi (reported as Astur badius sphenurus) [55]. Distribution: Sudan [218] and Ethiopia [55,60]. Remarks: A redescription of C. melierax was presented by Fuhrmann and Baer [60] based on specimens from Ethiopia.

• Cladotaenia vulturi Ortlepp, 1938

Record: Ortlepp [104]. Host: “Vulture”. Distribution: Republic of South Africa.

• Genus Deltokeras Meggitt, 1927
• Deltokeras campylometra Joyeux and Baer, 1928

Record: Joyeux and Baer [46]. Hosts: Euplectes franciscanus (reported as Pyromelana franciscana) and Euplectes macroura (reported as Penthetriopsis macrura). Distribution: Benin. Remarks: The species was regarded as the species incertae sedis by Georgiev and Genov [219].

• Genus MatabeleaMettrick, 1963
• Matabelea fuhrmanni (Southwell, 1925) Georgiev, Bray and Gibson, 1994

Synonyms: Lateriporus fuhrmani Southwell, 1925 [220]; Culcitella fuhrmanni (Southwell, 1925), Baer, 1933 [55]; Matabelea aetodex Metrick, 1963 [216]. Records: Southwell [220]; Baer [28]; Fuhrmann and Baer [60]; Mettrick [216]; Graber [55]; Georgiev et al. [221]. Hosts: “Large grey eagle” [220,221], Circaetus cinereus [28,221], Falco biarmicus [28,221], Aquila rapax raptor [60,221] and Aquila rapax [55,216,221]. Distribution: Nigeria [220,221], Zimbabwe [28,216,221], Tanzania [28,221] and Ethiopia [55,60,221]. Remarks: The putative identification “large grey eagle” is Polemaetus bellicosus or Circaetus gallicus (Accipitriformes) [221]. The species was redescribed by Georgiev et al. [221].

• Genus Metroliasthes Ransom, 1900
• Metroliasthes lucida Ransom, 1900

Records: Joyeux [48]; Hudson [51]; Southwell and Lake [170]; Mahon [31]; Mettrick [215]. Hosts: Coturnix coturnix [48], “Domestic fowl” [51], Numida sp. [31,170], Gallus gallus [170], Guttera edouardi [31,170] and Numida meleagris [215]. Distribution: Tunisia [48], Kenya [51], Democratic Republic of the Congo [31,170], Zambia [215] and Zimbabwe [215]. Remarks: M. lucida is a parasite specific to birds of the genus Meleagris. The identification of the materials from African hosts requires additional confirmation. The affiliation of the materials from Numida sp., Guttera edouardi and Numida meleagris as belonging to Octopetalum is possible. Coturnix coturnix is a host of another paruterinid species, Lyruterina nigropunctata (Crety, 1890), often reported in Europe.

• Genus Neyraia Joyeux and Timon-David, 1934
• Neyraia egypti (Omran, el-Nafar and Mandour, 1981) Schmidt, 1986

Synonym: Biuterinoides aegypti Omran, el-Nafar and Mandour, 1981. Record: Omran et al. [222]. Host: Upupa epops. Distribution: Egypt.

• Neyraia intricata (Krabbe, 1882) Joyeux and Timon-David, 1934

Synonyms: Neyraia epops Ashour, Lewis and Ahmed, 1994 [223]; Biuterinoides upupai Ortlepp, 1940 [224]. Records: Joyeux et al. [50]; Ortlepp [224]; Mahon [52]; Graber [55]; Ashour et al. [223]. Hosts: Pheoniculus somaliensis [50,55], Upupa africana [224] and Upupa epops [52,223]. Distribution: Ethiopia [50,55], Republic of South Africa [224] and Egypt [52,223].

• Neyraia parva Mahon, 1958

Record: Mahon [52]. Host: Upupa epops. Distribution: Egypt.

Remarks: Possibly, found also in Cecropis semirufa (Hirundinidae) in Côte d’Ivoire, see Mariaux and Georgiev [225].

• Genus Notopentorchis Burt, 1938
• Notopentorchis caffrapi (Mokhehle, 1951) Dimitrova, Mariaux and Georgiev, 2017

Synonym: Sphaeruterina caffrapi Mokhehle, 1951. Record: Mokhehle [150]. Host: Apus caffer (reported as Caffrapus c. caffer). Distribution: Republic of South Africa.

• Notopentorchis iduncula (Spasskii, 1946) Spasskii and Spasskaya, 1959

Synonym: Paruterina isonciphora Dollfus, 1958. Record: Dollfus [158]. Host: Apus pallidus. Distribution: Morocco. Remarks: The synonymy is after Georgiev and Bray [226].

• Notopentorchis micropus Singh, 1952

Record: Dimitrova et al. [227]. Host: Apus affinis. Distribution: Gabon. Remarks: See the remarks on Notopentorchis sp.

• Notopentorchis vesiculigera (Krabbe, 1882) Baer, 1959

Synonyms: Paruterina vesiculigera (Krabbe, 1882) [41]; Biuterina dikeniensis Mokhehle, 1951 [150]. Records: Mokhehle [150]; Joyeux et al. [41]; Baer [40]; Dimitrova et al. [227]. Hosts: Apus caffer (reported as Caffrapus caffer caffer) [150], Apus pallidus [41], Apus caffer streubelii [40] and Apus affinis [227]. Distribution: Republic of South Africa [150], Morocco [41], Democratic Republic of the Congo [40] and Gabon [227].

• Notopentorchis sp.

Synonym: Notopentorchis javanica (Hübscher, 1937) of Baer (1959). Record: Baer [40]. Host: A. caffer. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Remarks: Baer [40] identified specimens collected from A. caffer in the Democratic Republic of the Congo as N. javanica (Hübscher, 1937) Baer, 1959. The re-examination of the type–material of N. javanica revealed that it was a distinct species, which was a parasite specific to swifts of the family Hemiprocnidae [227]. Most probably, the material reported by Baer [40] belonged to N. micropus.

• Genus Octopetalum Baylis, 1914
• Octopetalum gutterae Baylis, 1914

Records: Baylis [228]; Baer [3]; Hudson [51]; Baer and Fain [58]; Bisseru [71]. Hosts: Numida meleagris (reported as Numida ptilorhyncha) [3,51,58,228] and Guttera edouardi [3,71,228]. Distribution: Malawi [228], “East Africa” [3], Kenya [51], Democratic Republic of the Congo [58] and Zambia [71].

• Octopetalum numida (Fuhrmann, 1909) Fuhrmann and Baer, 1943

Synonyms: Rhabdometra numida Fuhrmann, 1909 [3,36,46,48,51,95]; Ascometra numida (Fuhrmann, 1909) Baer, 1955 [56,64,79]; Octopetalum longicirrosum Baer, 1925 [30,51,97,131]; Unciunia sudanea Woodland, 1928 [61]. Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Joyeux [48]; Baer [97]; Baer [3]; Woodland [61]; Joyeux and Baer [46]; Hudson [51]; Hilmy [95]; Ortlepp [131]; Fuhrmann [30]; Fuhrmann and Baer [60]; Mahon [31]; Bisseru [71]; Ortlepp [64]; Mettrick [79]; Graber [55]; Graber et al. [56]; Junker and Boomker [65]. Hosts: Numida meleagris (reported as Numida ptilorhyncha) [3,31,36,46,48,51,61,64,65,79,97], Numida sp. [31,95], Numida meleagris mitratus [71,131], Numida meleagris marungensis [30], Numida meleagris meleagris [56,60], Guttera edouardi [64], Numida meleagris galeatus [31] and “pintade”—guinea fowl [55]. Distribution: Egypt [36], Sudan [3,36,61], Benin [46,48], Namibia [97], “West Africa” [3], Liberia [95], Republic of South Africa [64,65,131], Angola [30], Ethiopia [55,56,60], Democratic Republic of the Congo [31], Zambia [71,79], Zimbabwe [79] and Uganda [51]. Remarks: The synonymy of U. sudanea with O. numida is after Fuhrmann and Baer [60].

• Genus Orthoskrjabinia Spasskii, 1947
• Orthoskrjabinia bobica (Clerc, 1903) Spasskii, 1947

Synonyms: Anonchotaenia bobica Clerc, 1903 [31,140,170]. Records: Meggitt [140]; Southwell and Lake [170]; Mahon [31]. Hosts: Sitta sp. [140], Tchagra senegalus [170] and Tchagra senegalus armenus [31]. Distribution: Egypt [140] and Democratic Republic of the Congo [31,170].

• Genus Paruterina Fuhrmann, 1906
• Paruterina (sensu lato) guineensis Joyeux and Baer, 1928

Synonym: Paruterina guineensis Joyeux and Baer, 1928. Record: Joyeux and Baer [46]. Host: Clamator levaillantii. Distribution: Benin.

• Paruterina (sensu lato) parallelepipeda (Rudolphi, 1810) Fuhrmann, 1908

Record: Fuhrmann [157]. Host: Schetba rufa (reported as Vanga rufa). Distribution: Madagascar. Remarks: The morphological information in the original description is not sufficient enough to place this species into a certain genus. This taxon should be regarded as species inquirenda.

• Paruterina sp.

Record: Mariaux [44]. Host: Euplectes macroura. Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire.

• Genus Sphaeruterina Johnston, 1914
• Sphaeruterina purpurata (Dujardin, 1845) Matevosyan, 1950

Synonym: Paruterina purpurata (Dujardin, 1845) Joyeux and Timon-David, 1934. Record: Joyeux et al. [41]. Host: Lanius senator. Distribution: Morocco.

• Sphaeruterina sp.

Record: Mariaux [44]. Hosts: Platysteira blissetti (reported as Dyaphorophyia blissetti) and Plocepasser superciliosus. Distribution: Côte d’Ivoire.

• Genus Triaenorhina Spasskii and Shumilo, 1965
• Triaenorhina bucerotina (Fuhrmann, 1909) Kornyushin, 1989

Synonym: Paruterina bucerotina Fuhrmann, 1909 [3,36]. Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Baer [3]. Host: Tockus nasutus (reported as Lophoceros nasutus) [3,36]. Distribution: Sudan [3,36].

• Triaenorhina daouensis (Joyeux, Baer and Martin, 1936) Spasskii, 1977

Synonym: Paruterina daouensis Joyeux, Baer and Martin, 1936 [50,55]. Records: Joyeux et al. [50]; Graber [55]. Host: Bucorvus abyssinicus [50,55]. Distribution: Ethiopia [50,55].

• Triaenorhina meggitti (Johri, 1931) Kornyushin, 1989

Synonym: Paruterina meggitti Johri, 1931 [50,55]. Records: Joyeux et al. [50]; Graber [55]. Host: Tockus erythrorhynchus (reported as Lophoceros erythrorhynchus) [50,55]. Distribution: Ethiopia [50,55].

• Triaenorhina rectangula (Fuhrmann, 1908) Spasskii and Shumilo, 1965

Synonym: Biuterina rectangula Fuhrmann, 1908 [38,215]. Records: Meggitt [38]; Mettrick [215]. Hosts: Falco tinnunculus [38], “Coracias galbula” [38] and Coracias caudatus [215]. Distribution: Egypt [38] and Zambia [215]. Remarks: T. rectangula is a parasite specific to birds of the genus Coracias. The record from F. tinnunculus is doubtful. “Coracias galbula” is a junior synonym of Icterus galbula (Icteridae), a species distributed in North America. C. garrulus is the only species of the genus Coracias distributed in Egypt.

• Triaenorhina southwelli (Hilmy, 1936) Kornyushin, 1989

Synonym: Paruterina southwelli Hilmy, 1936 [58,95]. Records: Hilmy [95]; Baer and Fain [58]. Hosts: Tockus fasciatus semifasciatus (reported as Lophoceros semifasciatus) [95] and Tockus alboterminatus stegmanni [58]. Distribution: Liberia [95] and Democratic Republic of the Congo [58].

• Family Progynotaeniidae Fuhrmann, 1936
• Genus Gynandrotaenia Fuhrmann, 1936
• Gynandrotaenia stammeri Fuhrmann, 1936

Record: Jones and Khalil [177]. Host: Phoeniconaias minor. Distribution: Kenya.

• Genus Leptotaenia Cohn, 1901
• Leptotaenia ischnorhyncha (Lühe, 1898) Cohn, 1901

Record: Meggitt [140]. Host: Phoenicopterus roseus (reported as Phoencopterus ruber). Distribution: Egypt.

• Genus Paraprogynotaenia Ryšavý, 1966
• Paraprogynotaenia canarisi Nikolov and Georgiev, 2008

Records: Schmidt and Canaris [164]; Nikolov and Georgiev [229]. Host: Charadrius marginatus [164,229]. Distribution: Republic of South Africa [164,229]. Remarks: Reported as Paraprogynotaenia charadrii (Yamaguti, 1956) by Schmidt and Canaris [164]. The material was redescribed as a new species by Nikolov and Georgiev [229].

• Paraprogynotaenia minuta Nikolov and Georgiev, 2008

Synonym: Progynotaenia odhneri Nybelin, 1914 sensu Joyeux and Baer [152]. Records: Joyeux and Baer [152]; Nikolov and Georgiev [229]. Host: Charadrius alexandrinus [152,229]. Distribution: Tunisia [152,229]. Remarks: Originally, it was reported as Progynotaenia odhneri from Charadrius alexandrinus in Tunisia by Joyeux and Baer [152]; later on, Nikolov and Georgiev [229] reidentified the Tunisian material as a new species.

• Genus Progynotaenia Fuhrmann, 1909
• Progynotaenia evaginata Fuhrmann, 1909

Synonym: Progynotaenia foetida Meggitt, 1928 [38]. Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Baer [3]; Meggitt [38]. Hosts: Burhinus oedicnemus (reported as Oedicnemus crepitans) [38], Burhinus senegalensis (reported as Oedicnemus senegalensis) [3,36] and Spatula clypeata (reported as Anas clypeata) [38]. Distribution: Egypt [38] and Sudan [3,36]. Remarks: The synonymy follows Nikolov et al. [230]. The record from S. clypeata is doubtful, because P. evaginata is a parasite specific to the family Burhinidae.

• Progynotaenia jaegerskioeldi Fuhrmann, 1909

Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Baer [3]. Host: Pluvianus aegyptius [3,36] (reported as “Pulvinus aegypticus”). Distribution: Sudan [3,36].

• Progynotaenia odhneri Nybelin, 1914

Synonyms: Progynotaenia pauciannulata Baczyńska, 1914 [119]; Progynotaenia fuhrmanni Skrjabin, 1914 [3,68]. Records: Skrjabin [68]; Baczyńska [119]; Baer [3]; Meggitt [38]; Baer [40]; Mariaux [130]. Hosts: Charadrius hiaticula [3,40,68,130] and Vanellus spinosus (reported as Hoplopterus spinosus) [38,119]. Distribution: Uganda [68], South Sudan [68], Sudan [3], Egypt [38,119], Democratic Republic of the Congo [40] and Côte d’Ivoire [130]. Remarks: The synonymy of P. pauciannulata with P. odhneri is after Ryzhikov and Tolkacheva [19]. The synonymy of P. fuhrmanni with P. odhneri was proposed by Fuhrmann [5].

• Genus Proterogynotaenia Fuhrmann, 1911
• Proterogynotaenia flaccida (Meggitt, 1928) Yamaguti, 1959

Synonym: Progynotaenia flaccida Meggitt, 1928. Record: Meggitt [38]. Host: Recurvirostra avosetta. Distribution: Egypt.

• Proterogynotaenia marcusae Schmidt and Canaris, 1992

Record: Schmidt and Canaris [164]. Host: Charadrius marginatus. Distribution: Republic of South Africa.

• Proterogynotaenia paulinae Schmidt and Canaris, 1992

Record: Schmidt and Canaris [164]. Host: Charadrius marginatus. Distribution: Republic of South Africa.

• Genus Thomasitaenia Ukoli, 1965
• Thomasitaenia nunguae Ukoli, 1965

Record: Ukoli [39]. Host: Himantopus himantopus. Distribution: Ghana.

• Species incertae sedis
• Cyclorchida fuhrmanni Hilmy, 1936

Record: Hilmy (1936). Host: Podica senegalensis. Distribution: Liberia. Remarks: Bona [14] regarded it as species incertae sedis.

• Dilepis irregularis Southwell and Lake, 1939

Records: Southwell and Lake [170]; Mahon [31]. Host: Rostratula benghalensis [31,170]. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo [31,170]. Remarks: Spasskaya and Spasskii [16] regarded this species as a synonym of Anomotaenia citrus (Krabbe, 1869). This species did not correspond to the diagnosis of the genus Dilepis. We regarded it as species incertae sedis.

• Dilepis rostratulae Ukoli, 1967

Record: Ukoli [172]. Host: Rostratula benghalensis benghalensis. Distribution: Ghana. Remarks: We regard this species as incertae sedis. Its affiliation to the genus Anomolepis Spasskii, Yurpalova and Kornyushin, 1968, is possible.

• Multicapsiferina linstowi (Parona, 1885) Fuhrmann, 1922

Records: Parona [89]; Baer [3]. Host: Numida meleagris (reported as Numida ptilorhyncha) [3,89]. Distribution: Sudan [3,89] and “East Africa” [3]. Remarks: The original description did not clarify the family affiliation. Beveridge [231] regarded Multicapsiferina as genus incertae sedis.

• Taenia (sensu lato) bicirrosa Fuhrmann, 1909

Record: Fuhrmann [36]. Host: Actophilornis africanus. Distribution: Sudan. Remarks: Yamaguti [8] regarded this species as species incertae sedis.

• Taenia (sensu lato) hassalli Fuhrmann, 1932

Synonym: Taenia lateralis Fuhrmann, 1909, preoccupied. Records: Fuhrmann [36]; Mettrick [216]. Host: Haliaeetus vocifer [36,216]. Distribution: Sudan [36], Uganda [36], Zambia [216] and Zimbabwe [216]. Remarks: For this poorly described taxon, Fuhrmann [5] proposed the replacement name Taenia hassalli.

• Taenia (sensu lato) heteracantha Fuhrmann, 1906

Record: Fuhrmann [112]; Baer [3]. Host: Milvus aegyptius [3,112]. Distribution: Republic of South Africa [3,112].

• Taenia (sensu lato) klaptoczi Fuhrmann, 1912

Record: Fuhrmann [37]. Host: Tchagra senegalus remigialis (reported as Pomatorhynchus remigialis). Distribution: Sudan and Uganda. Remarks: Species incertae sedis.

• Taenia (sensu lato) sp.

Record: Joyeux and Baer [46]. Host: Accipiter (Astur) sp. (reported as Astur sp.). Distribution: West Africa.

• Taenia (sensu lato) sp.

Record: Joyeux and Baer [46]. Host: Necrosyrtes monachus. Distribution: “West Africa”.

• Taenia (sensu lato) sp.

Record: Joyeux and Baer [46]. Host: Campephaga phoenicea. Distribution: “West Africa”.

• Taenia (sensu lato) sp.

Record: Joyeux and Baer [46]. Host: “Nectarina sp.”. Distribution: “West Africa”.

• Taenia sp.

Record: Klaptocz [47]. Host: Tchagra senegalus remigialis (reported as Pomatorhynchus (=Telephonus) senegalus). Distribution: Sudan and Uganda.

• Zschokkeella guineensis (Graham, 1908) Southwell and Maplestone, 1921

Record: Southwell and Lake [94]. Host: Centropus superciliosus. Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Remarks: The description is insufficient and not illustrated. The affiliation to a genus or family is impossible on the basis of the original text.

3. Degree of Exploration of the Avian Cestode Fauna of Africa

In the present review, we summarised information on cestode parasites in African birds published in 1772–2022 in 176 original literature sources. In the 18th century, there was only one cestode species described from African birds; the number of this new species was three and the total number of recorded species was six in the 19th century (Figure 1). The main part of information related to the diversity of avian cestodes in Africa accumulated within the 20th century (totalling 482 recorded species, including 226 new species). In the first 20 years of the 21st century, descriptions of 11 new species and the first records of 21 known species were added.

Initially, studies were based on occasionally collected specimens deposited in European museum collections (Houttuyn [88]; Krabbe [197]; Volz [217]; Fuhrmann [36,62,69,101,112,139,154,157,173,196,214]; Klaptocz [47,109]; Baczyńska [119]; Skrjabin, [68]; Baylis [116]; Baer [70,97]). Later on, samples of parasitic worms collected during zoological expeditions or by practising veterinarians in various areas of Africa became more common (Baer [3]; Joyeux and Baer [46,57,106,136,165]; Joyeux et al. [50,72]; Southwell and Lake [94,170]; Fuhrmann and Baer [60]; Baer and Fain [58,67,118]; Baer [40]). Substantial contributions were presented by Africa-based helminthologists such as Ortlepp [29,49,64,85,86,104,114,131,224] and Junker and Boomker [65] in the Republic of South Africa, or Mettrick and Beverley-Burton in former Rhodesia (Zambia and Zimbabwe) (Mettrick [79,141,143,145,151,159,211,215,216]; Beverley-Burton [167]; Mettrick and Beverley-Burton, [115]). In particular areas of Africa, there were long-term studies on the parasite fauna of birds based on local establishments, such as healthcare institutes (e.g., Morocco—Dollfus [63,66]) or field stations (Côte d’Ivoire—Mariaux [44,130,155,207,208]; Mariaux and Vaucher [105,144,149,202]). The most recent data were published by the present authors [153,175,227] in the frames of a large-scale inventory project [232].

The knowledge on cestode fauna in birds is unequally distributed across the continent (Figure 2). More than 100 species were recorded in two countries only (Egypt and the Democratic Republic of the Congo). Out of 54 countries in Africa, there are no records for 19 countries. For a further 13 countries, there have been less than 10 species recorded. These data demonstrate the lack of dedicated efforts in the field of wildlife parasitology in most of the continent.

The decrease in the number of both recorded species and new species in the second half of the 20th century and the first twenty years of the 21st century (Figure 1) might be erroneously interpreted as an increased level of accumulated data, being close to a level of comprehensive knowledge. However, we would rather believe that the reason is the decreased intensity of studies in wildlife parasitology in Africa, especially in parasitological studies on wild birds. Recent cestodological examinations by authors based in Africa were mostly directed towards research on parasites of domesticated birds [65,81,83,120,123,126,134]. We recognise the importance of these studies, but we would also like to emphasise the role of wildlife parasitology in view of discovering natural foci of parasitic infections of possible economic, health or conservational significance. Moreover, the further development of wildlife parasitology research (including wildlife helminthology) is to be in line with the one-health approach, aiming to achieve high standards in human, animal and environmental health [233,234,235].

The family Gryporhynchidae provides an interesting example of the incomplete diversity knowledge in our context. These cestodes live in definitive avian hosts (data from the present checklist) and have substantial diversity in second intermediate hosts (freshwater fish) in Africa (data from Scholtz et al. [236]). We found published information on 19 species of this family recorded in fish-eating birds in Africa. Scholz et al. [236] recorded larvae of 16 species of gryporhynchids in African fish, including 5 species probably new to science and 2 species known from definitive hosts (herons) from other continents, but not recorded in African birds, e.g., Valipora campylancristrota (Wedl, 1855) from Europe and V. minuta (Coil, 1850) from North America [14]. Therefore, currently, the African fauna of the family Gryporhynchidae is better studied in intermediate hosts (fish) than in definitive avian hosts, which is a very rare occurrence in the research history of the majority of parasite groups.

Another indication of the poor level of study of the considered parasite group is the fact that 182 species (41.9%) were recorded in only one study. Therefore, we were not able to characterise the geographical distribution or host range of most species due to the small number of records on the continent.

In summary, the state of knowledge of the avian cestode fauna of Africa could be assessed as fragmentary and insufficient, far from the level needed for the characterisation of biodiversity or for solving practical problems associated with animal health or species conservation.

4. Structure of the Fauna

The present review revealed 434 cestode species of 147 genera, 14 families and 3 orders as parasites of birds in Africa (Figure 3). Only eight species did not belong to the order Cyclophyllidea; these was one species (parasitic in suliform birds) of the order Diphyllobothriidea and seven species (parasitic in the order Procellariiformes) of the order Tetrabothriidea. Among the 426 cyclophyllidean species, the most represented, as a number of recorded species, were the families Davaineidae, Hymenolepididae, Dilepididae and Paruterinidae (Figure 3).

The greatest diversity of cestodes was recorded in the family Davaineidae, with 118 species. Their hosts were most frequently terrestrial birds of the orders Galliformes, Otidiformes, Columbiformes, Piciformes, Struthioniformes, Cuculiformes and Musophagiformes. Davaineids formed more than half of the number of cestode species in the orders Galliformes (37 out of 48), Otidiformes (15 out of 24), Columbiformes (23 out of 35) and Cuculiformes (5 out of 8 species). The majority of davaineids in African birds were members of Raillietina and the related genera Fuhrmannetta, Skrjabinia and Paroniella, which were previously considered to be subgenera of Raillietina [237,238,239].

The Hymenolepididae was the second most speciose family in the avian cestode fauna in Africa (105 species). It was better represented in water birds, especially those of the orders Charadriiformes (25 species, with the most species-rich genus being Wardium) and Anseriformes (21 species, with many species of Microsomacanthus). The family Dilepididae was represented by 86 species, many of them reported from Charadriiformes (37, with the most species-rich genera being Anomotaenia, Chitinorecta, Fuhrmannolepis and Megalacanthus) and the order Passeriformes (21 species of diverse genera). The family Paruterinidae was represented by 50 species, occurring mostly in the orders Bucerotiformes (7 species), Accipitriformes (6) and Falconiformes (5), forming the biggest share of cestode diversity. However, the largest number of paruterinid species was found in Passeriformes (20 species), most of them belonging to the genera Anonchotaenia and Biuterina. Further, 10 cyclophyllidean families were represented by a lower species richness (Figure 3).

5. Avian Orders as Hosts of Cestodes

Africa ranked third among the continents (after Asia and South America) in the species diversity of birds [26]. The avian fauna of Africa includes 30 orders represented by more than 2500 bird species on the mainland and 2800 on adjacent islands. A major part of the avian diversity is concentrated south of the Sahara, within equatorial and subequatorial zones. Half of the species occurring in Africa (c. 1400 species) belong to the order Passeriformes.

Based on the present review, 333 species of birds belonging to 76 families and 27 orders were recorded as hosts of cestodes in Africa, compared with 2712 species in 134 families and 33 orders in the continent [26]. For two orders, Struthioniformes and Phoenicopteriformes, each represented by two species in African fauna [26], there were data on cestode parasites of each host species (i.e., 100% coverage of the species diversity of the order). The order Ciconiiformes was also relatively well-studied, represented by eight species in Africa [26], with five documented as hosts of cestodes. One of the most speciose avian orders in Africa was Charadriiformes, with 193 species [26]; 46 of them were recorded as hosts of cestodes. The present study revealed this order as the most species-rich in cestodes, with 87 recorded tapeworm species in total. The order Passeriformes included almost half of the avian diversity in Africa (1402 species); only 104 of them were recorded as hosts of cestodes. These data characterised passeriform birds of Africa as insufficiently studied from a helminthological point of view, likely being a large source of undescribed parasitic taxa.

By comparing species compositions of cestode parasites occurring in avian orders by using the similarity index of Sørensen (

Table 1. Similarity in species composition of cestodes recorded in avian orders in Africa. Above the diagonal—values of the Sørensen Similarity Index. Below the diagonal—number of species in common. In the first column, the number of cestode species recorded in each order is presented in parentheses. Cells with values differing from 0 are with inverted colouration.

	Accipitroformes	Anseriformes	Apodiformes	Burerotiformes	Caprimulgiformes	Charadriiformes	Ciconiiformes	Coliiformes	Columbiformes	Coraciiformes	Cuculiformes	Falconiformes	Galliformes	Gruiformes	Musophagiformes	Otidiformes	Passeriformes	Pelecaniformes	Phoenicopteriformes	Piciformes	Podicipediformes	Procellariiformes	Psittaciformes	Pterocliformes	Strigiformes	Struthioniformes	Suliformes
Accipitroformes (22)		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.2	0.03	0.06	0	0.04	0.02	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.06
Anseriformes (22)	0		0	0	0	0.02	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.06	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Apodiformes (12)	0	0		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Burerotiformes (18)	0	0	0		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Caprimulgiformes (1)	0	0	0	0		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Charadriiformes (87)	0	1	0	0	0		0	0	0	0	0.02	0		0	0	0	0.01	0	0	0.02	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ciconiiformes (11)	0	0	0	0	0	0		0	0	0	0	0	0.03	0	0	0	0	0.2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Coliiformes (2)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Columbiformes (35)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0		0	0	0	0.1	0	0	0	0.04	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.05	0	0	0.05
Coraciiformes (7)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0		0	0.1	0	0	0	0	0.03	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cuculiformes (8)	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0		0	0	0	0.5	0	0	0	0	0.1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Falconiformes (8)	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Galliformes (48)	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	6	0	0	0		0	0	0.08	0.05	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gruiformes (9)	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0		0	0.06	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Musophagiformes (5)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	0	0	0		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Otidiformes (24)	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0		0	0	3	1	0		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Passeriformes (70)	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	2	1	0	0	3	0	0			0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Pelecaniformes (24)	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Phoenicopteriformes (8)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Piciformes (13)	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0		0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Podicipediformes (7)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0		0	0	0	0	0	0
Procellariiformes (7)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0		0	0	0	0	0
Psittaciformes (4)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0		0	0	0	0
Pterocliformes (3)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0		0	0	0
Strigiformes (4)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0		0	0
Struthioniformes (1)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0		0
Suliformes (9)	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

), we revealed the highest values of similarity between Musophagiformes and Cuculiformes (0.5); previously, Musophagiformes were regarded as being a part of Cuculiformes; later on, based on DNA hybridisation, the frugivorous members of Cuculiformes were separated into a distinct order of Musophagiformes [240]. The values of the similarity index (Table 1) showed a rather high value of similarity between the Accipitriformes and Falconiformes. The two orders shared three common species of the genera Cladotaenia (two species) and Matabelea (one species), the former being known to use small mammals as intermediate hosts [11]. There were also three common species between Pelecaniformes and Ciconiiformes—members of the genera Paradilepis, Paraoschmarinolepis and Dictymetra. Intermediate hosts of the species of Paradilepis are fish [236].

Low values in the similarity index (<0.1) were revealed in 20 comparisons between avian orders, as a result of the presence of a single common species between them; further studies are needed to explain if this was as a result of accidental infections or misidentifications. Eight avian orders were characterised due to having unique species complexes: Apodiformes, Coliiformes, Bucerotiformes, Phoenicopteriformes, Podicipediformes, Psittaciformes, Strigiformes and Struthioniformes (Table 1). The presented data, though based on a rather incomplete level of knowledge of the fauna of the group, demonstrated that the avian cestode complex parasitic in birds of each order was characterised by a high level of host specificity.

6. Conclusions

Even with the history of two and a half centuries, the studies on cestode fauna of birds in Africa are still far from complete. Some counties (Egypt, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of South Africa, Ethiopia, Sudan, etc.) were investigated to some extent, while others are in need of attention in order to obtain an initial idea of their cestode diversity. In this context, our survey indicated that the majority of African countries lack the basic cestode parasite information needed as baseline information for the management of animal health and nature conservation. We believe that the present checklist could potentially stimulate a rise in wildlife parasitology studies on the continent.