Effects of Human Disturbance on Terrestrial Apex Predators
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Apex Predator Function in Ecosystems
2.1. Of Wolves and Bears, and beyond—Examples of Apex Predator Effects in Nature
3. Effects of Human Activities on Large Carnivore Behavior
4. Behavioral Responses of Large Carnivores to Human Disturbance May Alter Their Ecological Role
5. What Next?
6. Management Considerations
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ordiz, A.; Aronsson, M.; Persson, J.; Støen, O.-G.; Swenson, J.E.; Kindberg, J. Effects of Human Disturbance on Terrestrial Apex Predators. Diversity 2021, 13, 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13020068
Ordiz A, Aronsson M, Persson J, Støen O-G, Swenson JE, Kindberg J. Effects of Human Disturbance on Terrestrial Apex Predators. Diversity. 2021; 13(2):68. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13020068
Chicago/Turabian StyleOrdiz, Andrés, Malin Aronsson, Jens Persson, Ole-Gunnar Støen, Jon E. Swenson, and Jonas Kindberg. 2021. "Effects of Human Disturbance on Terrestrial Apex Predators" Diversity 13, no. 2: 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13020068
APA StyleOrdiz, A., Aronsson, M., Persson, J., Støen, O. -G., Swenson, J. E., & Kindberg, J. (2021). Effects of Human Disturbance on Terrestrial Apex Predators. Diversity, 13(2), 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13020068