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Review

Translating Molecular Psychiatry: From Biomarkers to Personalized Therapies—A Narrative Review

by
Tudor-Florentin Capatina
1,
Anamaria Oatu
2,
Casandra Babasan
2 and
Simona Trifu
3,*
1
Department of Psychiatry, “Titu Maiorescu” University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
2
Department of Psychiatry, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
3
Department of Neurosciences, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(9), 4285; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094285
Submission received: 3 March 2025 / Revised: 10 April 2025 / Accepted: 15 April 2025 / Published: 1 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Neurobiology)
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Abstract

In this review, we explore the biomarkers of different psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Moreover, we show the interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Novel techniques such as genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified numerous risk loci and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) implicated in these conditions, contributing to a better understanding of their mechanisms. Moreover, the impact of genetic variations on drug metabolisms, particularly through cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes, highlights the importance of pharmacogenomics in optimizing psychiatric treatment. This review also explores the role of neurotransmitter regulation, immune system interactions, and metabolic pathways in psychiatric disorders. As the technology advances, integrating genetic markers into clinical practice will be crucial in advancing precision psychiatry, improving diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic interventions for individual patients.
Keywords: gene; neurotransmitter; genetic variations; CYP; schizophrenia; MDD; GWAS gene; neurotransmitter; genetic variations; CYP; schizophrenia; MDD; GWAS

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MDPI and ACS Style

Capatina, T.-F.; Oatu, A.; Babasan, C.; Trifu, S. Translating Molecular Psychiatry: From Biomarkers to Personalized Therapies—A Narrative Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 4285. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094285

AMA Style

Capatina T-F, Oatu A, Babasan C, Trifu S. Translating Molecular Psychiatry: From Biomarkers to Personalized Therapies—A Narrative Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(9):4285. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094285

Chicago/Turabian Style

Capatina, Tudor-Florentin, Anamaria Oatu, Casandra Babasan, and Simona Trifu. 2025. "Translating Molecular Psychiatry: From Biomarkers to Personalized Therapies—A Narrative Review" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 9: 4285. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094285

APA Style

Capatina, T.-F., Oatu, A., Babasan, C., & Trifu, S. (2025). Translating Molecular Psychiatry: From Biomarkers to Personalized Therapies—A Narrative Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(9), 4285. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094285

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