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Volume 26
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10.3390/ijms262110668
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Hybrid Poly(Lactic)-Chitosan Scaffold Intensifying In Situ Bioprocessing of Rindera graeca Transgenic Roots for Enhanced Rinderol Production

by
Kamil Wierzchowski
1,*,
Szymon Bober
1,
Aleksandra Bandzerewicz
2,
Miroslav Šlouf
3,
Jiří Hodan
3,
Agnieszka Gadomska-Gajadhur
2,
Katarzyna Sykłowska-Baranek
4 and
Maciej Pilarek
1
1
Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
2
Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
3
Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 1888/2, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic
4
Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(21), 10668; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110668 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 26 September 2025 / Revised: 17 October 2025 / Accepted: 31 October 2025 / Published: 1 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drug Discovery: Natural Products and Compounds)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

In vitro cultured biomass of Rindera graeca, a rare endemic plant, is an efficient renewable source of bioactive naphthoquinones, e.g., rinderol, a potential bioactive inducer of apoptosis in cancer cells. Bioengineering strategies, as biomass immobilization on functionalized biomaterial-based scaffolds, elicitation by chitosan, and in situ extraction of metabolites, are tested for intensifying naphthoquinones production in R. graeca hairy roots. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of hybrid poly(lactic)–chitosan scaffolds on biomass proliferation and rinderol production in R. graeca hairy roots. Effects of chitosan origin (fungal or squid), molecular mass (350–1800 kDa), and concentration (up to 45%) in the developed hybrid scaffolds have been quantitatively identified, and the results were compared to the reference culture system containing an unmodified PLA-based construct. Applying PLA–chitosan scaffold containing 33% of fungal chitosan resulted in 635 times higher rinderol production (3660 µg gDW−1) than the application of reference scaffolds. Among the tested parameters, the chitosan concentration in the hybrid scaffolds revealed significant importance in rinderol production. To sum up, the developed hybrid PLA-chitosan scaffold may be recognized as a functional key element supporting the production of naphthoquinones in cultures of R. graeca biomass.
Keywords: chitosan-based biomaterial; hybrid biomaterial; in situ bioprocessing; naphthoquinones; transgenic (hairy) roots chitosan-based biomaterial; hybrid biomaterial; in situ bioprocessing; naphthoquinones; transgenic (hairy) roots

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MDPI and ACS Style

Wierzchowski, K.; Bober, S.; Bandzerewicz, A.; Šlouf, M.; Hodan, J.; Gadomska-Gajadhur, A.; Sykłowska-Baranek, K.; Pilarek, M. Hybrid Poly(Lactic)-Chitosan Scaffold Intensifying In Situ Bioprocessing of Rindera graeca Transgenic Roots for Enhanced Rinderol Production. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 10668. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110668

AMA Style

Wierzchowski K, Bober S, Bandzerewicz A, Šlouf M, Hodan J, Gadomska-Gajadhur A, Sykłowska-Baranek K, Pilarek M. Hybrid Poly(Lactic)-Chitosan Scaffold Intensifying In Situ Bioprocessing of Rindera graeca Transgenic Roots for Enhanced Rinderol Production. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(21):10668. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110668

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wierzchowski, Kamil, Szymon Bober, Aleksandra Bandzerewicz, Miroslav Šlouf, Jiří Hodan, Agnieszka Gadomska-Gajadhur, Katarzyna Sykłowska-Baranek, and Maciej Pilarek. 2025. "Hybrid Poly(Lactic)-Chitosan Scaffold Intensifying In Situ Bioprocessing of Rindera graeca Transgenic Roots for Enhanced Rinderol Production" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 21: 10668. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110668

APA Style

Wierzchowski, K., Bober, S., Bandzerewicz, A., Šlouf, M., Hodan, J., Gadomska-Gajadhur, A., Sykłowska-Baranek, K., & Pilarek, M. (2025). Hybrid Poly(Lactic)-Chitosan Scaffold Intensifying In Situ Bioprocessing of Rindera graeca Transgenic Roots for Enhanced Rinderol Production. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(21), 10668. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110668

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