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Retraction of Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18(12), 2533.
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Retraction

RETRACTED: Vaccaro et al. Differential Expression of Nitric Oxide Synthase Isoforms nNOS and iNOS in Patients with Non-Segmental Generalized Vitiligo. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 2533

by
Mario Vaccaro
1,*,†,
Natasha Irrera
1,*,†,
Giuseppina Cutroneo
1,
Giuseppina Rizzo
2,
Federico Vaccaro
2,
Giuseppe P. Anastasi
2,
Francesco Borgia
1,
Serafinella P. Cannavò
1,
Domenica Altavilla
2 and
Francesco Squadrito
1
1
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98124 Messina, Italy
2
Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morpho-Functional Images, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(17), 8250; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178250 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 15 July 2025 / Accepted: 25 July 2025 / Published: 26 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics)
Versions Notes
The International Journal of Molecular Sciences retracts the article, “Differential Expression of Nitric Oxide Synthase Isoforms nNOS and iNOS in Patients with Non-Segmental Generalized Vitiligo” [1], cited above.
Following publication, concerns were brought to the attention of the publisher regarding an overlap in images between this article [1] and two other publications [2,3] produced by a similar authorship group.
Adhering to our standard procedure, the Editorial Office and Editorial Board conducted an investigation that confirmed an image duplication between Figure 5 in [1] and Figure 2 in [2,3], presenting different experimental conditions. While the authors cooperated with the Editorial Office during the investigation, they were unable to satisfactorily explain the overlap nor provide raw material of an acceptable standard for Editorial Board evaluation. As a result, the Editorial Board has lost confidence in the reliability of the findings and has decided to retract this publication [1], as per MDPI’s retraction policy (https://www.mdpi.com/ethics#_bookmark30, accessed on 14 July 2025).
This retraction was approved by the Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
The authors did not provide a comment on this decision.

References

  1. Vaccaro, M.; Irrera, N.; Cutroneo, G.; Rizzo, G.; Vaccaro, F.; Anastasi, G.P.; Borgia, F.; Cannavò, S.P.; Altavilla, D.; Squadrito, F. RETRACTED: Differential Expression of Nitric Oxide Synthase Isoforms nNOS and iNOS in Patients with Non-Segmental Generalized Vitiligo. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 2533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Bitto, A.; De Caridi, G. Evidence for markers of hypoxia and apoptosis in explanted human carotid atherosclerotic plaques. J. Vasc. Surg. 2022, 52, 1015–1021. Available online: https://www.jvascsurg.org/article/S0741-5214(10)01344-3/fulltext (accessed on 12 July 2025). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Altavilla, D.; Minutoli, L.; Polito, F.; Irrera, N.; Arena, S.; Magno, C.; Rinaldi, M.; Burnett, B.; Squadrito, F.; Bitto, A. Retracted: Effects of flavocoxid, a dual inhibitor of COX and 5-lipoxygenase enzymes, on benign prostatic hyperplasia. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2012, 167, 95–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Vaccaro, M.; Irrera, N.; Cutroneo, G.; Rizzo, G.; Vaccaro, F.; Anastasi, G.P.; Borgia, F.; Cannavò, S.P.; Altavilla, D.; Squadrito, F. RETRACTED: Vaccaro et al. Differential Expression of Nitric Oxide Synthase Isoforms nNOS and iNOS in Patients with Non-Segmental Generalized Vitiligo. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 2533. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 8250. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178250

AMA Style

Vaccaro M, Irrera N, Cutroneo G, Rizzo G, Vaccaro F, Anastasi GP, Borgia F, Cannavò SP, Altavilla D, Squadrito F. RETRACTED: Vaccaro et al. Differential Expression of Nitric Oxide Synthase Isoforms nNOS and iNOS in Patients with Non-Segmental Generalized Vitiligo. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 2533. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(17):8250. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178250

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vaccaro, Mario, Natasha Irrera, Giuseppina Cutroneo, Giuseppina Rizzo, Federico Vaccaro, Giuseppe P. Anastasi, Francesco Borgia, Serafinella P. Cannavò, Domenica Altavilla, and Francesco Squadrito. 2025. "RETRACTED: Vaccaro et al. Differential Expression of Nitric Oxide Synthase Isoforms nNOS and iNOS in Patients with Non-Segmental Generalized Vitiligo. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 2533" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 17: 8250. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178250

APA Style

Vaccaro, M., Irrera, N., Cutroneo, G., Rizzo, G., Vaccaro, F., Anastasi, G. P., Borgia, F., Cannavò, S. P., Altavilla, D., & Squadrito, F. (2025). RETRACTED: Vaccaro et al. Differential Expression of Nitric Oxide Synthase Isoforms nNOS and iNOS in Patients with Non-Segmental Generalized Vitiligo. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 2533. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(17), 8250. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178250

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