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Article

Silver and Gold Complexes with NHC-Ligands Derived from Caffeine: Catalytic and Pharmacological Activity

by
Annaluisa Mariconda
1,
Domenico Iacopetta
2,
Marco Sirignano
3,
Jessica Ceramella
2,
Assunta D’Amato
3,
Maria Marra
2,
Michele Pellegrino
2,
Maria Stefania Sinicropi
2,*,
Stefano Aquaro
2,† and
Pasquale Longo
3,†
1
Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
2
Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
3
Department of Chemistry and Biology “A. Zambelli”, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(5), 2599; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052599
Submission received: 6 February 2024 / Revised: 19 February 2024 / Accepted: 21 February 2024 / Published: 23 February 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enzymes and Enzyme Inhibitors—Applications in Medicine and Diagnosis 2.0)
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Abstract

N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) silver(I) and gold(I) complexes have found different applications in various research fields, as in medicinal chemistry for their antiproliferative, anticancer, and antibacterial activity, and in chemistry as innovative and effective catalysts. The possibility of modulating the physicochemical properties, by acting on their ligands and substituents, makes them versatile tools for the development of novel metal-based compounds, mostly as anticancer compounds. As it is known, chemotherapy is commonly adopted for the clinical treatment of different cancers, even though its efficacy is hampered by several factors. Thus, the development of more effective and less toxic drugs is still an urgent need. Herein, we reported the synthesis and characterization of new silver(I) and gold(I) complexes stabilized by caffeine-derived NHC ligands, together with their biological and catalytic activities. Our data highlight the interesting properties of this series as effective catalysts in A3-coupling and hydroamination reactions and as promising anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant agents. The ability of these complexes in regulating different pathological aspects, and often co-promoting causes, of cancer makes them ideal leads to be further structurally functionalized and investigated.
Keywords: xanthine; NHC complexes; silver(I)/gold(I); antitumor; alkyne functionalization xanthine; NHC complexes; silver(I)/gold(I); antitumor; alkyne functionalization

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MDPI and ACS Style

Mariconda, A.; Iacopetta, D.; Sirignano, M.; Ceramella, J.; D’Amato, A.; Marra, M.; Pellegrino, M.; Sinicropi, M.S.; Aquaro, S.; Longo, P. Silver and Gold Complexes with NHC-Ligands Derived from Caffeine: Catalytic and Pharmacological Activity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 2599. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052599

AMA Style

Mariconda A, Iacopetta D, Sirignano M, Ceramella J, D’Amato A, Marra M, Pellegrino M, Sinicropi MS, Aquaro S, Longo P. Silver and Gold Complexes with NHC-Ligands Derived from Caffeine: Catalytic and Pharmacological Activity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(5):2599. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052599

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mariconda, Annaluisa, Domenico Iacopetta, Marco Sirignano, Jessica Ceramella, Assunta D’Amato, Maria Marra, Michele Pellegrino, Maria Stefania Sinicropi, Stefano Aquaro, and Pasquale Longo. 2024. "Silver and Gold Complexes with NHC-Ligands Derived from Caffeine: Catalytic and Pharmacological Activity" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 5: 2599. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052599

APA Style

Mariconda, A., Iacopetta, D., Sirignano, M., Ceramella, J., D’Amato, A., Marra, M., Pellegrino, M., Sinicropi, M. S., Aquaro, S., & Longo, P. (2024). Silver and Gold Complexes with NHC-Ligands Derived from Caffeine: Catalytic and Pharmacological Activity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(5), 2599. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052599

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