Ultrasound Parameters Can Accurately Predict the Risk of Malignancy in Patients with “Indeterminate TIR3b” Cytology Nodules: A Prospective Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Univariate Analysis
2.2. Multivariate Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Fine Needle Aspiration Procedure
4.2. BRAF Mutation Analysis
4.3. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Benign Histology (N = 42) | Malignant Histology (N = 61) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Subjects (%) | Subjects (%) | ||
Gender | 0.411 | ||
Male | 10 (23.8%) | 17 (27.9%) | |
Female | 32 (76.2%) | 44 (72.1%) | |
Exposure to ionising radiation | |||
2 (4.8%) | 3 (4.69%) | 0.672 | |
Smoking | 14 (33.3%) | 26 (42.6%) | 0.229 |
Familial history of thyroid cancer | |||
3 (7.1%) | 7 (11.5%) | 0.354 | |
Familial history of benign nodular pathology | |||
24 (57.1%) | 29 (47.5%) | 0.225 | |
Autoimmune thyroiditis | |||
10 (23.8%) | 17 (27.9%) | 0.411 | |
Ultrasonographic features | |||
Nodule diameter | 0.002 | ||
≤11 mm | 5 (11.9%) | 24 (39.3%) | |
>11 mm | 37 (88.1%) | 37 (60.7%) | |
Irregular borders | 7 (16.6%) | 41 (67.2%) | <0.001 |
Echogenicity of nodule | <0.001 | ||
Hypoechoic | 13 (31%) | 41 (67.2%) | |
Isoechoic | 12 (28.6%) | 3 (4.9%) | |
Iso-hypoechoic | 14 (33.3%) | 14 (23%) | |
Complex | 3 (7.1%) | 1 (1.6%) | |
Hyperechoic | 0 | 2 (3.3%) | |
Vascular Flow | 0.004 | ||
Absent | 18 (42.9%) | 9 (14.8%) | |
Perinodular | 17 (40.5%) | 30 (49.2%) | |
Intra and perinodular | 8 (19%) | 23 (37.7%) | |
Microcalcifications | 8 (19%) | 32 (52.5%) | 0.001 |
Taller than wide | 1 (2.4%) | 2 (3.3%) | 0.638 |
Halo sign | 9 (21.4%) | 3 (4.9%) | 0.012 |
Mutated BRAF V600E | 0 | 2 (3.2%) | |
Multinodular goitre | 28 (66.7%) | 38 (62.3%) | 0.405 |
Pre-intervention therapy | |||
Levothyroxine | 5 (11.9%) | 11 (18%) | 0.289 |
Methimazole | 1 (2.4%) | 2 (3.3%) | 0.638 |
Benign Histology (N = 42) | Malignant Histology (N = 61) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
Age (years) | 56.1 ± 14.5 | 52.9 ± 14.1 | 0.267 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.4 ± 4.16 | 27.2 ± 4.86 | 0.389 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 92.1 ± 12.7 | 94.7 ± 14.2 | 0.341 |
TSH pre-intervention (µU/mL) | 1.5 ± 0.81 | 1.87 ± 1.01 | 0.041 |
Calcitonin pre-intervention (pmol/L) | 2.05 ± 1.38 | 2.78 ± 3.24 | 0.126 |
Variables | Benign Histology (N° = 42) | Malignant Histology (N° = 61) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diameter | |||||
>11 mm | 5 (11.9%) | 24 (39.3%) | 1 | 1 | |
≤11 mm | 37 (88.1%) | 37 (60.7%) | 4.8 (1.65–13.9) | 3.044 (1.10–10.8) | 0.045 |
TSH | |||||
≤2.02 | 34 (81%) | 36 (59%) | 1 | ||
>2.02 | 8 (19%) | 25 (41%) | 2.95 (1.17–7.43) | ||
Irregular borders | |||||
No | 35 (83.3%) | 20 (32.8%) | 1 | 1 | |
Yes | 7 (16.7%) | 41 (67.2%) | 10.2 (3.87–27.1) | 4.98 (1.71–14.4) | 0.003 |
Hypoechogenicity of the nodule | |||||
No | 29 (69%) | 20 (32.8%) | 1 | ||
Yes | 13 (31%) | 41 (67.2%) | 4.57 (1.95–10.64) | ||
Intranodular and perivascular flows | |||||
No | 34 (81%) | 38 (62.3%) | 1 | 1 | |
Yes | 8 (19%) | 23 (37.7%) | 2.57 (1.13–6.5) | 3.46 (1.17–10.2) | 0.025 |
Microcalcifications | |||||
No | 34 (81%) | 29 (47.5%) | 1 | ||
Yes | 8 (19%) | 32 (52.5%) | 4.69 (1.87–11.76) | ||
Halo sign | |||||
Yes | 9 (21.4%) | 3 (4.9%) | 1 | ||
No | 33 (78.6%) | 58 (95.1%) | −1.66 (−3.31–0.48) |
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Guarnotta, V.; La Monica, R.; Ingrao, V.R.; Di Stefano, C.; Salzillo, R.; Pizzolanti, G.; Giannone, A.G.; Almasio, P.L.; Richiusa, P.; Giordano, C. Ultrasound Parameters Can Accurately Predict the Risk of Malignancy in Patients with “Indeterminate TIR3b” Cytology Nodules: A Prospective Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 8296. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098296
Guarnotta V, La Monica R, Ingrao VR, Di Stefano C, Salzillo R, Pizzolanti G, Giannone AG, Almasio PL, Richiusa P, Giordano C. Ultrasound Parameters Can Accurately Predict the Risk of Malignancy in Patients with “Indeterminate TIR3b” Cytology Nodules: A Prospective Study. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(9):8296. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098296
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuarnotta, Valentina, Roberta La Monica, Vincenza Rita Ingrao, Claudia Di Stefano, Riccardo Salzillo, Giuseppe Pizzolanti, Antonino Giulio Giannone, Piero Luigi Almasio, Pierina Richiusa, and Carla Giordano. 2023. "Ultrasound Parameters Can Accurately Predict the Risk of Malignancy in Patients with “Indeterminate TIR3b” Cytology Nodules: A Prospective Study" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 9: 8296. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098296
APA StyleGuarnotta, V., La Monica, R., Ingrao, V. R., Di Stefano, C., Salzillo, R., Pizzolanti, G., Giannone, A. G., Almasio, P. L., Richiusa, P., & Giordano, C. (2023). Ultrasound Parameters Can Accurately Predict the Risk of Malignancy in Patients with “Indeterminate TIR3b” Cytology Nodules: A Prospective Study. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(9), 8296. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098296