Regulation of Cardiac Cav1.2 Channels by Calmodulin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Functional Studies
2.1. Rundown of Channels
2.1.1. History
2.1.2. How to Prevent the Rundown
2.2. Repriming of Channels
2.2.1. CaM Is Crucial for Channel Activity
2.2.2. ATP Is Another Crucial Factor
2.3. Slow Rundown of Channels
Contribution of CaMKII
2.4. Ca2+-Dependent Facilitation (CDF)
2.4.1. Overview of CDF
2.4.2. CaMKII Mediated CDF
2.4.3. CaMKII-Independent CDF
2.4.4. Biphasic Effects of CaM
2.4.5. Mutations That Affect CDF
2.4.6. Physiological Significance of CDF
2.5. Ca2+-Dependent Inactivation (CDI)
2.5.1. Overview of CDI
2.5.2. Dephosphorylation vs. Ca2+/CaM
2.5.3. Mutations That Affect CDI
2.5.4. Interactions of Domains within C-Terminal Tail of Cav1.2
2.5.5. C-Terminal Modulator of Cav1.3 and Cav1.4
2.5.6. Lobe Specific Effects of CaM
2.5.7. CaM-Dependent Inactivation
2.5.8. Additional Ca2+-Sensing Site
2.5.9. CaBP1-Mediated Regulation
3. Molecular Biological Studies
3.1. Ca2+/CaM Binding Site
3.2. ApoCaM Pre-Association Site
3.3. Models of the Conformation of CDF and CDI
3.4. Downstream Mechanism of CDI
3.5. CaMKII Phosphorylation Sites
3.6. Two CaM Hypothesis
3.7. ATP-Binding Site (s)
4. Structural Studies
5. Channel Clustering/Multimerization
6. Trafficking of Cav1.2 Channels
7. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Kameyama, M.; Minobe, E.; Shao, D.; Xu, J.; Gao, Q.; Hao, L. Regulation of Cardiac Cav1.2 Channels by Calmodulin. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 6409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076409
Kameyama M, Minobe E, Shao D, Xu J, Gao Q, Hao L. Regulation of Cardiac Cav1.2 Channels by Calmodulin. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(7):6409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076409
Chicago/Turabian StyleKameyama, Masaki, Etsuko Minobe, Dongxue Shao, Jianjun Xu, Qinghua Gao, and Liying Hao. 2023. "Regulation of Cardiac Cav1.2 Channels by Calmodulin" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 7: 6409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076409