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Article

Dunaliella salina Alga Protects against Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Attenuating TLR4 Signaling

by
Chin-Feng Tsai
1,2,†,
Hui-Wen Lin
3,4,5,
Jiuan-Miaw Liao
6,7,
Ke-Min Chen
8,
Jen-Wei Tsai
9,
Chia-Sung Chang
10,
Chia-Yu Chou
11,
Hsing-Hui Su
12,
Pei-Hsun Liu
13,
Ya-Chun Chu
14,15,
Yi-Hsin Wang
6,7,†,
Meilin Wang
16,*,‡ and
Shiang-Suo Huang
12,17,18,*,‡
1
Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
2
School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
3
Department of Optometry, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
4
Genetics Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
5
School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
6
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
7
Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
8
Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
9
Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
10
Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 111, Taiwan
11
Department of Anesthesiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
12
Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
13
Department & Institute of Physiology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
14
Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
15
School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
16
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
17
Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
18
Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
 
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*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Chin-Feng Tsai and Yi-Hsin Wang contributed equally to this work.
‡
Meilin Wang and Shiang-Suo Huang contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(4), 3871; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043871
Submission received: 10 August 2022 / Revised: 2 February 2023 / Accepted: 7 February 2023 / Published: 15 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms of Adaptation to Hypoxia 2.0)
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Abstract

Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is marked by rapid increase in inflammation and not only results in myocardial apoptosis but also compromises the myocardial function. Dunaliella salina (D. salina), a halophilic unicellular microalga, has been used as a provitamin A carotenoid supplement and color additive. Several studies have reported that D. salina extract could attenuate lipopolysaccharides-induced inflammatory effects and regulate the virus-induced inflammatory response in macrophages. However, the effects of D. salina on myocardial I/R injury remain unknown. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the cardioprotection of D. salina extract in rats subjected to myocardial I/R injury that was induced by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 1 h followed by 3 h of reperfusion. Compared with the vehicle group, the myocardial infarct size significantly decreased in rats that were pre-treated with D. salina. D. salina significantly attenuated the expressions of TLR4, COX-2 and the activity of STAT1, JAK2, IκB, NF-κB. Furthermore, D. salina significantly inhibited the activation of caspase-3 and the levels of Beclin-1, p62, LC3-I/II. This study is the first to report that the cardioprotective effects of D. salina may mediate anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities and decrease autophagy through the TLR4-mediated signaling pathway to antagonize myocardial I/R injury.
Keywords: Dunaliella salina; myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury; toll-like receptor 4; inflammation; cardioprotection Dunaliella salina; myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury; toll-like receptor 4; inflammation; cardioprotection

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Tsai, C.-F.; Lin, H.-W.; Liao, J.-M.; Chen, K.-M.; Tsai, J.-W.; Chang, C.-S.; Chou, C.-Y.; Su, H.-H.; Liu, P.-H.; Chu, Y.-C.; et al. Dunaliella salina Alga Protects against Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Attenuating TLR4 Signaling. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 3871. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043871

AMA Style

Tsai C-F, Lin H-W, Liao J-M, Chen K-M, Tsai J-W, Chang C-S, Chou C-Y, Su H-H, Liu P-H, Chu Y-C, et al. Dunaliella salina Alga Protects against Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Attenuating TLR4 Signaling. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(4):3871. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043871

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tsai, Chin-Feng, Hui-Wen Lin, Jiuan-Miaw Liao, Ke-Min Chen, Jen-Wei Tsai, Chia-Sung Chang, Chia-Yu Chou, Hsing-Hui Su, Pei-Hsun Liu, Ya-Chun Chu, and et al. 2023. "Dunaliella salina Alga Protects against Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Attenuating TLR4 Signaling" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 4: 3871. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043871

APA Style

Tsai, C.-F., Lin, H.-W., Liao, J.-M., Chen, K.-M., Tsai, J.-W., Chang, C.-S., Chou, C.-Y., Su, H.-H., Liu, P.-H., Chu, Y.-C., Wang, Y.-H., Wang, M., & Huang, S.-S. (2023). Dunaliella salina Alga Protects against Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Attenuating TLR4 Signaling. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4), 3871. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043871

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