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Review

Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Osteoporosis: Molecular Mechanisms Involved and the Relationship with microRNAs

by
Teresa Iantomasi
1,*,
Cecilia Romagnoli
1,
Gaia Palmini
1,
Simone Donati
1,
Irene Falsetti
1,
Francesca Miglietta
1,
Cinzia Aurilia
1,
Francesca Marini
2,
Francesca Giusti
1 and
Maria Luisa Brandi
2
1
Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
2
F.I.R.M.O. Italian Foundation for Research on Bone Disease, Via San Gallo 123, 50129 Florence, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(4), 3772; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043772
Submission received: 25 January 2023 / Revised: 10 February 2023 / Accepted: 11 February 2023 / Published: 14 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Different Functions and Roles of microRNAs in Human Disease—Development, Progress and Challenges)
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Abstract

Osteoporosis is characterized by the alteration of bone homeostasis due to an imbalance between osteoclastic bone resorption and osteoblastic bone formation. Estrogen deficiency causes bone loss and postmenopausal osteoporosis, the pathogenesis of which also involves oxidative stress, inflammatory processes, and the dysregulation of the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) that control gene expression at post-transcriptional levels. Oxidative stress, due to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), proinflammatory mediators and altered levels of miRNAs enhance osteoclastogenesis and reduce osteoblastogenesis through mechanisms involving the activation of MAPK and transcription factors. The present review summarizes the principal molecular mechanisms involved in the role of ROS and proinflammatory cytokines on osteoporosis. Moreover, it highlights the interplay among altered miRNA levels, oxidative stress, and an inflammatory state. In fact, ROS, by activating the transcriptional factors, can affect miRNA expression, and miRNAs can regulate ROS production and inflammatory processes. Therefore, the present review should help in identifying targets for the development of new therapeutic approaches to osteoporotic treatment and improve the quality of life of patients.
Keywords: oxidative stress; osteoporosis; inflammatory mediators; miRNAs; bone remodeling oxidative stress; osteoporosis; inflammatory mediators; miRNAs; bone remodeling

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MDPI and ACS Style

Iantomasi, T.; Romagnoli, C.; Palmini, G.; Donati, S.; Falsetti, I.; Miglietta, F.; Aurilia, C.; Marini, F.; Giusti, F.; Brandi, M.L. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Osteoporosis: Molecular Mechanisms Involved and the Relationship with microRNAs. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 3772. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043772

AMA Style

Iantomasi T, Romagnoli C, Palmini G, Donati S, Falsetti I, Miglietta F, Aurilia C, Marini F, Giusti F, Brandi ML. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Osteoporosis: Molecular Mechanisms Involved and the Relationship with microRNAs. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(4):3772. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043772

Chicago/Turabian Style

Iantomasi, Teresa, Cecilia Romagnoli, Gaia Palmini, Simone Donati, Irene Falsetti, Francesca Miglietta, Cinzia Aurilia, Francesca Marini, Francesca Giusti, and Maria Luisa Brandi. 2023. "Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Osteoporosis: Molecular Mechanisms Involved and the Relationship with microRNAs" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 4: 3772. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043772

APA Style

Iantomasi, T., Romagnoli, C., Palmini, G., Donati, S., Falsetti, I., Miglietta, F., Aurilia, C., Marini, F., Giusti, F., & Brandi, M. L. (2023). Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Osteoporosis: Molecular Mechanisms Involved and the Relationship with microRNAs. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4), 3772. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043772

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