Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation Sheds New Light upon Cardiovascular Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. LLPS
2.1. Multivalency Drivers of LLPS
2.1.1. Multiple Folded Domains
2.1.2. Intrinsically Disordered Regions (IDRs)
2.2. Physiological Regulation of LLPS
2.2.1. Physical Parameters
2.2.2. PTMs
2.2.3. RNA
2.2.4. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
2.2.5. Chaperones
2.3. Functions of Biomolecular Condensates
2.3.1. LLPS in Transcriptional Regulation
2.3.2. LLPS in Intracellular Signaling
2.3.3. LLPS in Chromatin Organization
2.3.4. LLPS in DNA Damage Repair
2.3.5. LLPS in Autophagy
3. Potential Roles of LLPS in Cardiovascular Diseases
3.1. LLPS in Cardiac Fibrosis
3.2. LLPS and Heart Failure
3.3. LLPS in Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)
3.4. LLPS in Atherosclerosis
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tool | Type | Characteristic | Availability | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
IUPred3 | Predictor | Prediction of IDRs within proteins | https://iupred.elte.hu (accessed on 20 August 2023) | [35] |
D2P2 | Predictor | Comparisons of IDPs prediction methods | https://d2p2.pro (accessed on 20 August 2023) | [36] |
MobiDB | Predictor | Annotation and prediction of intrinsically disordered proteins | https://mobidb.org (accessed on 20 August 2023) | [37] |
PhaSePro | Database | Detailed information of LLPS driver proteins, including their post-translational modifications and alternative splicing events known to influence LLPS | https://phasepro.elte.hu (accessed on 20 August 2023) | [38] |
PhaSepDB | Database | Comprehensive collection of phase-separation related proteins and detailed annotation for all LLPS entries | http://db.phasep.pro (accessed on 20 August 2023) | [39] |
LLPSDB | Database | Collection of LLPS related proteins and their corresponding phase separation conditions | http://bio-comp.org.cn/llpsdb (accessed on 20 August 2023) | [40] |
DrLLPS | Database | Collection of 987 regulators of LLPS and 8148 potential client proteins | http://llps.biocuckoo.cn/ (accessed on 20 August 2023) | [41] |
DisPhaseDB | Database | Collection of disease related variations in LLPS proteins | http://disphasedb.leloir.org.ar (accessed on 20 August 2023) | [42] |
MloDisDB | Database | Link between membraneless organelles and diseases | http://mlodis.phasep.pro (accessed on 20 August 2023) | [43] |
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Cai, Z.; Mei, S.; Zhou, L.; Ma, X.; Wuyun, Q.; Yan, J.; Ding, H. Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation Sheds New Light upon Cardiovascular Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 15418. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015418
Cai Z, Mei S, Zhou L, Ma X, Wuyun Q, Yan J, Ding H. Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation Sheds New Light upon Cardiovascular Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(20):15418. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015418
Chicago/Turabian StyleCai, Ziyang, Shuai Mei, Li Zhou, Xiaozhu Ma, Qidamugai Wuyun, Jiangtao Yan, and Hu Ding. 2023. "Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation Sheds New Light upon Cardiovascular Diseases" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 20: 15418. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015418