Fabrication of Activated Carbon Decorated with ZnO Nanorod-Based Electrodes for Desalination of Brackish Water Using Capacitive Deionization Technology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussions
2.1. SEM and DRX Characterization
2.2. Cell Performance
2.3. Specific Energy Consumption
2.4. Gibbs Free Energy of Separation
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Synthesis of ZnO Nanostructures
3.3. Fabrication of the Electrode
3.4. Fabrication of CDI Cell
3.5. Electrochemical Setup
3.6. Characterization Techniques
3.7. CDI Measurements
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ZnO Mass (g) | Measured Thickness (μm) | Specific Capacitance (F/g) |
---|---|---|
3 | 104 | 67.6 |
5 | 102 | 109.4 |
7 | 101 | 124.7 |
9 | 99 | 135.7 |
Flow Rate | SAC | ASAR1 | ASAR2 |
---|---|---|---|
(mL/min) | (mg/g) | mg/g/min | mg/g/min |
45 | 93.14 | 2.18 | 3.29 |
55 | 96.63 | 2.72 | 5.27 |
65 | 101.45 | 3.20 | 6.09 |
75 | 110.95 | 3.84 | 7.40 |
85 | 116.29 | 4.50 | 8.72 |
95 | 123.66 | 5.06 | 9.89 |
105 | 109.62 | 4.70 | 9.40 |
Flow Rate | Process 1 | Process 2 | Process 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time | Energy Consumed | Time | Energy Consumed | Time | Energy Consumed | |
(mL/min) | (s) | (J) | (s) | (J) | (s) | (J) |
45 | 2458 | 3239.1 | 2377 | 3003.4 | 849 | 1172.6 |
55 | 1732 | 2628.0 | 1877 | 2739.2 | 718 | 1026.6 |
65 | 1515 | 2076.2 | 1645 | 2461.2 | 592 | 915.5 |
75 | 1240 | 1908.2 | 1396 | 2266.1 | 521 | 833.0 |
85 | 1129 | 1772.7 | 1283 | 2056.1 | 485 | 770.2 |
95 | 1077 | 1716.3 | 1137 | 1820.9 | 448 | 719.4 |
105 | 1020 | 1625.5 | 1068 | 1354.3 | 436 | 677.8 |
Flow Rate (mL/min) | Process 1 | Process 2 | Process 3 |
---|---|---|---|
SEC | |||
(Wh/m3) | (Wh/m3) | (Wh/m3) | |
45 | 0.49 | 0.47 | 0.51 |
55 | 0.46 | 0.44 | 0.43 |
65 | 0.35 | 0.38 | 0.40 |
75 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.36 |
85 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.31 |
95 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.28 |
105 | 0.25 | 0.20 | 0.25 |
Flow Rate (mL/min) | Process 1 | Process 2 | Process 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔG (×10−6 KWh) | TEE (×10−2) | ΔG (×10−6 KWh) | TEE (×10−2) | ΔG (×10−6 KWh) | TEE (×10−2) | |
45 | 3.36 | 6.85 | 4.17 | 8.87 | 3.48 | 6.82 |
55 | 2.87 | 6.23 | 3.37 | 7.66 | 3.10 | 7.21 |
65 | 2.62 | 7.48 | 2.87 | 7.55 | 3.03 | 7.57 |
75 | 2.15 | 6.32 | 1.79 | 4.96 | 2.37 | 6.58 |
85 | 1.86 | 6.00 | 1.59 | 5.14 | 2.21 | 7.13 |
95 | 2.58 | 9.21 | 2.30 | 8.21 | 2.75 | 9.82 |
105 | 2.95 | 11.79 | 2.80 | 13.98 | 2.43 | 9.73 |
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Martinez, J.; Colán, M.; Castillón, R.; Ramos, P.G.; Paria, R.; Sánchez, L.; Rodríguez, J.M. Fabrication of Activated Carbon Decorated with ZnO Nanorod-Based Electrodes for Desalination of Brackish Water Using Capacitive Deionization Technology. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 1409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021409
Martinez J, Colán M, Castillón R, Ramos PG, Paria R, Sánchez L, Rodríguez JM. Fabrication of Activated Carbon Decorated with ZnO Nanorod-Based Electrodes for Desalination of Brackish Water Using Capacitive Deionization Technology. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(2):1409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021409
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartinez, Jhonatan, Martín Colán, Ronald Castillón, Pierre G. Ramos, Robert Paria, Luis Sánchez, and Juan M. Rodríguez. 2023. "Fabrication of Activated Carbon Decorated with ZnO Nanorod-Based Electrodes for Desalination of Brackish Water Using Capacitive Deionization Technology" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 2: 1409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021409