β-Catenin and SOX2 Interaction Regulate Visual Experience-Dependent Cell Homeostasis in the Developing Xenopus Thalamus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. SOX2 Expression Is Highly Regionalized in the Developing Thalamus
2.2. The Majority of SOX2+ Cells Are Differentiated Neurons in the Developing Thalamus
2.3. Thalamic Neurons Receive Retinal Signals and Respond to Visual Deprivation
2.4. Visual Deprivation Induces an Increase in Progenitor Cells and a Decrease in Differentiated Neurons
2.5. Visual Deprivation–Induced Homeostatic Regulation of Thalamic Cells Is Accompanied by Phosphorylation and Degradation of β-Catenin
2.6. Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Is Necessary and Sufficient to Mediate VD-Induced Thalamic Homeostasis
2.7. The Evolutionarily Conserved Crosstalk between SOX2 and β-Catenin
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animals
4.2. Morpholinos and Transfection
4.3. BrdU Labeling
4.4. Immunohistochemistry and Image Analysis
4.5. Whole–Mount Immunofluorescence
4.6. Immunoblotting
4.7. Immunoprecipitation
4.8. Electrophysiology
4.9. Drugs and Treatment
4.10. Statistics
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Antigen, Host Species | Immunogen | Source | Catalog No. | RRID | Dilution |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
β-catenin, mouse | C-terminus of human β-catenin | CST (Danvers, MA, USA) | 2677 | AB_1030943 | 1:200 (IF) |
1:50 (IP) | |||||
1:1000 (WB) | |||||
β-catenin, rabbit | Residues surrounding Pro714 of human β-catenin protein | CST | 8480 | AB_11127855 | 1:200 (IF) |
1:50 (IP) | |||||
1:2000 (WB) | |||||
BLBP, mouse | Amino acids 1–132 of human BLBP | Abcam (Cambridge, UK) | ab131137 | AB_11157091 | 1:100 (IF) |
BrdU, mouse | BrdU conjugated to KLH | Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA) | B2531 | AB_476793 | 1:100 (IF) |
GAPDH, rabbit | C-terminus of human GAPDH | Millipore (Burlington, MA, USA) | ABS16 | AB_11211543 | 1:10,000 (WB) |
HuC/D, mouse | Recombinant human HuC/HuD | Thermo Fisher (Waltham, MA, USA) | A-21271 | AB_221448 | 1:50 (IF) |
1:1000 (WB) | |||||
Nkx2.2, mouse | Chicken Nkx2.2 | DSHB (Iowa City, IA, USA) | 74.5A5 | AB_531794 | 1:50 (IF) |
PCNA, rabbit | Recombinant human PCNA | Abcam | ab18197 | AB_444313 | 1:200 (IF) |
Phospho-β-catenin | Residues surrounding Ser33, Ser37 and Thr41 of human β-catenin | CST | 9561 | AB_331729 | 1:1000 (WB) |
SOX2, mouse | Residues surrounding Gly179 of human SOX2 protein | CST | 4900 | AB_10560516 | 1:200 (IF) |
1:1000 (WB) | |||||
1:50 (IP) | |||||
SOX2, rabbit | Recombinant human SOX2 | Abcam | ab97959 | AB_2341193 | 1:200 (IF) |
1:2000 (WB) | |||||
1:50 (IP) | |||||
SOX9, rabbit | Recombinant human SOX9 | Abcam | ab185230 | AB_2715497 | 1:200 (IF) |
Tubulin, mouse | C-terminal of mouse α-tubulin | Beyotime (Shanghai, China) | AT819 | 1:200 (IF) | |
Vimentin, rabbit | Recombinant human vimentin | Abcam | ab16700 | AB_443435 | 1:200 (IF) |
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Gao, J.; Lu, Y.; Luo, Y.; Duan, X.; Chen, P.; Zhang, X.; Wu, X.; Qiu, M.; Shen, W. β-Catenin and SOX2 Interaction Regulate Visual Experience-Dependent Cell Homeostasis in the Developing Xenopus Thalamus. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 13593. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713593
Gao J, Lu Y, Luo Y, Duan X, Chen P, Zhang X, Wu X, Qiu M, Shen W. β-Catenin and SOX2 Interaction Regulate Visual Experience-Dependent Cell Homeostasis in the Developing Xenopus Thalamus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(17):13593. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713593
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao, Juanmei, Yufang Lu, Yuhao Luo, Xinyi Duan, Peiyao Chen, Xinyu Zhang, Xiaohua Wu, Mengsheng Qiu, and Wanhua Shen. 2023. "β-Catenin and SOX2 Interaction Regulate Visual Experience-Dependent Cell Homeostasis in the Developing Xenopus Thalamus" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 17: 13593. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713593