Electrochemical Biosensor for the Determination of Specific Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein

Zukauskas, Sarunas; Rucinskiene, Alma; Ratautaite, Vilma; Ramanaviciene, Almira; Pilvenyte, Greta; Bechelany, Mikhael; Ramanavicius, Arunas

doi:10.3390/ijms24010718

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Biosensor for the Determination of Specific Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein

by

Sarunas Zukauskas

^1,2

,

Alma Rucinskiene

^1,3,

Vilma Ratautaite

^1,2,4

,

Almira Ramanaviciene

⁴

,

Greta Pilvenyte

¹

,

Mikhael Bechelany

⁵

and

Arunas Ramanavicius

^1,*

¹

Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University (VU), Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania

²

Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Sauletekio Av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania

³

Department of Electrochemical Material Science, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Sauletekio Av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania

⁴

NanoTechnas—Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University (VU), Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania

⁵

Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR 5635, University of Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, 34090 Montpellier, France

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(1), 718; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010718

Submission received: 3 November 2022 / Revised: 17 December 2022 / Accepted: 21 December 2022 / Published: 31 December 2022

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 and Future Pathogens)

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Abstract

In this article, we report the development of an electrochemical biosensor for the determination of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (rS). A gold disc electrode was electrochemically modified to form the nanocrystalline gold structure on the surface. Then, it was further altered by a self-assembling monolayer based on a mixture of two alkane thiols: 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-MUA) and 6-mercapto-1-hexanol (6-MCOH) (SAM_mix). After activating carboxyl groups using a N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N’-ethyl-carbodiimide hydrochloride and N-hydroxysuccinimide mixture, the rS protein was covalently immobilized on the top of the SAM_mix. This electrode was used to design an electrochemical sensor suitable for determining antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 rS protein (anti-rS). We assessed the association between the immobilized rS protein and the anti-rS antibody present in the blood serum of a SARS-CoV-2 infected person using three electrochemical methods: cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and potential pulsed amperometry. The results demonstrated that differential pulse voltammetry and potential pulsed amperometry measurements displayed similar sensitivity. In contrast, the measurements performed by cyclic voltammetry suggest that this method is the most sensitive out of the three methods applied in this research.

Keywords: coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); SARS-CoV-2 virus proteins; specific antibodies; immune complex; electrochemical biosensor; immunosensor; self-assembled monolayer (SAM); polycrystalline gold electrode; cyclic voltammetry; differential pulse voltammetry; potential pulsed amperometry

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MDPI and ACS Style

Zukauskas, S.; Rucinskiene, A.; Ratautaite, V.; Ramanaviciene, A.; Pilvenyte, G.; Bechelany, M.; Ramanavicius, A. Electrochemical Biosensor for the Determination of Specific Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 718. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010718

AMA Style

Zukauskas S, Rucinskiene A, Ratautaite V, Ramanaviciene A, Pilvenyte G, Bechelany M, Ramanavicius A. Electrochemical Biosensor for the Determination of Specific Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(1):718. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010718

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zukauskas, Sarunas, Alma Rucinskiene, Vilma Ratautaite, Almira Ramanaviciene, Greta Pilvenyte, Mikhael Bechelany, and Arunas Ramanavicius. 2023. "Electrochemical Biosensor for the Determination of Specific Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1: 718. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010718

APA Style

Zukauskas, S., Rucinskiene, A., Ratautaite, V., Ramanaviciene, A., Pilvenyte, G., Bechelany, M., & Ramanavicius, A. (2023). Electrochemical Biosensor for the Determination of Specific Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(1), 718. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010718

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Electrochemical Biosensor for the Determination of Specific Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein

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