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Review

Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes, Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

by
Paola Cuomo
1,
Rosanna Capparelli
1,*,
Antonio Iannelli
2,3,4 and
Domenico Iannelli
1,*
1
Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università, 100-Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy
2
Department of Digestive Surgery, Université Côte d’ Azur, F-06108 Nice, France
3
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice-Digestive Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Archet 2 Hospital, 151 Route de Saint Antoine de Ginestiere, F-062024 Nice, France
4
Inserm, U1065, Team 8 “Hepatic Complications of Obesity and Alcohol”, F-062024 Nice, France
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(8), 4325; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23084325
Submission received: 15 March 2022 / Revised: 6 April 2022 / Accepted: 11 April 2022 / Published: 13 April 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Amino Acid Metabolism and Regulation in Health and Disease 2.0)
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Abstract

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) include leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Mammalians cannot synthesize these amino acids de novo and must acquire them through their diet. High levels of BCAAs are associated with insulin resistance; type 2 diabetes; obesity; and non-metabolic diseases, including several forms of cancer. BCAAs—in particular leucine—activate the rapamycin complex1 mTORC1, which regulates cell growth and metabolism, glucose metabolism and several more essential physiological processes. Diets rich in BCAAs are associated with metabolic diseases (listed above), while diets low in BCAAs are generally reported to promote metabolic health. As for the dysregulation of the metabolism caused by high levels of BCAAs, recent studies propose that the accumulation of acyl-carnitine and diacyl-CoA in muscles alters lipid metabolism. However, this suggestion is not broadly accepted. On clinical grounds, pre- and post-operative metabolic profiles of candidate patients for bariatric surgery are being used to select the optimal procedure for each individual patient.
Keywords: branched-chain amino acids; bariatric surgery; adiponectin branched-chain amino acids; bariatric surgery; adiponectin

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MDPI and ACS Style

Cuomo, P.; Capparelli, R.; Iannelli, A.; Iannelli, D. Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes, Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 4325. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23084325

AMA Style

Cuomo P, Capparelli R, Iannelli A, Iannelli D. Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes, Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(8):4325. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23084325

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cuomo, Paola, Rosanna Capparelli, Antonio Iannelli, and Domenico Iannelli. 2022. "Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes, Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 8: 4325. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23084325

APA Style

Cuomo, P., Capparelli, R., Iannelli, A., & Iannelli, D. (2022). Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes, Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(8), 4325. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23084325

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