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Article

Detection and Characterization of Nodularin by Using Label-Free Surface-Enhanced Spectroscopic Techniques

by
Ioana Andreea Brezeștean
1,2,
Ana Maria Raluca Gherman
1,
Alia Colniță
1,
Nicoleta Elena Dina
1,*,
Csilla Müller Molnár
1,2,
Daniel Marconi
1,
Vasile Chiș
2,
Ioan-Leontin David
2 and
Simona Cîntă-Pînzaru
2
1
Department of Molecular and Biomolecular Physics, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
2
Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(24), 15741; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415741
Submission received: 31 October 2022 / Revised: 3 December 2022 / Accepted: 9 December 2022 / Published: 12 December 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analytical Methods in Biomedical and Environmental Applications: A Molecular Approach)
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Abstract

Nodularin (NOD) is a potent toxin produced by Nodularia spumigena cyanobacteria. Usually, NOD co-exists with other microcystins in environmental waters, a class of cyanotoxins secreted by certain cyanobacteria species, which makes identification difficult in the case of mixed toxins. Herein we report a complete theoretical DFT-vibrational Raman characterization of NOD along with the experimental drop-coating deposition Raman (DCDR) technique. In addition, we used the vibrational characterization to probe SERS analysis of NOD using colloidal silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), commercial nanopatterned substrates with periodic inverted pyramids (KlariteTM substrate), hydrophobic Tienta® SpecTrimTM slides, and in-house fabricated periodic nanotrenches by nanoimprint lithography (NIL). The 532 nm excitation source provided more well-defined bands even at LOD levels, as well as the best performance in terms of SERS intensity. This was reflected by the results obtained with the KlariteTM substrate and the silver-based colloidal system, which were the most promising detection approaches, providing the lowest limits of detection. A detection limit of 8.4 × 10−8 M was achieved for NOD in solution by using AgNPs. Theoretical computation of the complex vibrational modes of NOD was used for the first time to unambiguously assign all the specific vibrational Raman bands.
Keywords: Raman; SERS; nodularin; cyanotoxin; microcystins Raman; SERS; nodularin; cyanotoxin; microcystins
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MDPI and ACS Style

Brezeștean, I.A.; Gherman, A.M.R.; Colniță, A.; Dina, N.E.; Müller Molnár, C.; Marconi, D.; Chiș, V.; David, I.-L.; Cîntă-Pînzaru, S. Detection and Characterization of Nodularin by Using Label-Free Surface-Enhanced Spectroscopic Techniques. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 15741. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415741

AMA Style

Brezeștean IA, Gherman AMR, Colniță A, Dina NE, Müller Molnár C, Marconi D, Chiș V, David I-L, Cîntă-Pînzaru S. Detection and Characterization of Nodularin by Using Label-Free Surface-Enhanced Spectroscopic Techniques. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(24):15741. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415741

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brezeștean, Ioana Andreea, Ana Maria Raluca Gherman, Alia Colniță, Nicoleta Elena Dina, Csilla Müller Molnár, Daniel Marconi, Vasile Chiș, Ioan-Leontin David, and Simona Cîntă-Pînzaru. 2022. "Detection and Characterization of Nodularin by Using Label-Free Surface-Enhanced Spectroscopic Techniques" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 24: 15741. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415741

APA Style

Brezeștean, I. A., Gherman, A. M. R., Colniță, A., Dina, N. E., Müller Molnár, C., Marconi, D., Chiș, V., David, I.-L., & Cîntă-Pînzaru, S. (2022). Detection and Characterization of Nodularin by Using Label-Free Surface-Enhanced Spectroscopic Techniques. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(24), 15741. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415741

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