The Role of Molecular and Hormonal Factors in Obesity and the Effects of Physical Activity in Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Molecular Control in Obesity
2.1. Structure and Components of ECM Related to Obesity
2.2. Control of Differentiation in WAT
2.3. Genetics Underlying Childhood Obesity
Gen or Polymorphism | Type of Polymorphism | Type of Study | Age | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
In a UK twin sample, the FTO gene was found to be associated with BMI beginning at age seven, and a similar finding was also noted in Danish children. In the UK study, the FTO gene explained only a small portion of the genetic variation in BMI. | - | Systematic review, nine twin and five adoption studies | up to 18 years old | [116] |
ANRIL methylation (encoded by CDKN2A) has been associated with adiposity in the birth tissue of ethnically diverse neonates, peripheral blood of adolescents, and adipose tissue of adults. | - | Prospective study, randomized control trial | From birth to 6 years old | [118] |
It may be assumed that MC4R, PPARGC1A, MSRA, and TFAP2B genes contribute to obesity risk in this sample of Portuguese children. | - | Prospective study with 730 children | 2 to 6 years old | [119] |
FTO rs9939609 polymorphism was significantly associated with an increased risk of obesity. | SNP | Meta-analysis with 12 eligible studies with 5000 cases and 9853 controls | up to 18 years old | [120] |
FAM120AOS gene was triggered by differences in BMI at 8 years (T allele of rs944990 increased BMI, with a modest association with change in BMI over time). A locus associated with childhood obesity (OLFM4) has reached genome-wide significance in relation to BMI at age 8 and/or changes over time. | SNP | GWAS meta-analysis of BMI trajectories from 1 to 17 years of age in 9377 children | 1 to 17 years of age | [121] |
A strong association between the exonic rs8192678-T SNP of PPARGC1A and a reduction in BMI z-score. | SNP | Randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial, 134 children | aged 7 to 14 | [122] |
TMEM18 and SEC16B were associated with an increased risk of obesity of 27% and 40%, respectively, in Hispanic/Latino children (22–88% frequency). | SNP | Genome-wide association study of childhood obesity in 1612 Hispanic/Latino children and adolescents | 2 to 18 years of age | [123] |
Polymorphisms at FTO rs8050136 and CETP rs708272 have been identified as significant with childhood metabolic syndrome. | SNP | Prospective cohort study with 3067 children | aged 2 to 10 years | [124] |
FTO rs9930506 and MC4R rs17782313 polymorphisms and obesity in children. | SNP | Meta-analysis with 13 studies on MC4R rs17782313 and 18 studies on FTO rs9939609 | up to 18 years old | [125] |
FTO rs9939609 and MC4R rs17782313 polymorphisms have been associated with overweight and obesity in children. | SNP | Meta-analysis with 12 studies on MC4R rs17782313 and FTO rs9939609 | up to 18 years old | [126] |
3. Hormonal Control in Obesity
3.1. Leptin
3.2. Adiponectin
3.3. Resistin
4. Exercise and Leptin Control in Children with Obesity
5. Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Aragón-Vela, J.; Alcalá-Bejarano Carrillo, J.; Moreno-Racero, A.; Plaza-Diaz, J. The Role of Molecular and Hormonal Factors in Obesity and the Effects of Physical Activity in Children. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 15413. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315413
Aragón-Vela J, Alcalá-Bejarano Carrillo J, Moreno-Racero A, Plaza-Diaz J. The Role of Molecular and Hormonal Factors in Obesity and the Effects of Physical Activity in Children. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):15413. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315413
Chicago/Turabian StyleAragón-Vela, Jerónimo, Jesús Alcalá-Bejarano Carrillo, Aurora Moreno-Racero, and Julio Plaza-Diaz. 2022. "The Role of Molecular and Hormonal Factors in Obesity and the Effects of Physical Activity in Children" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23: 15413. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315413