Identification of Compounds with Potential Therapeutic Uses from Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Fruits and Their Modulation by Nitric Oxide (NO)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Identification of the Main Metabolites Differentially Detected in Pepper Fruits Depending on the Ripening Stage and the NO Treatment
2.2. Analysis of the Main Metabolites Differentially Detected in Pepper Fruits through Metabolomics Approaches
2.2.1. Quercetin
2.2.2. L-Tryptophan
2.2.3. Tetrahydropentoxyline
2.2.4. Phytosphingosine
2.2.5. Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)
2.2.6. Other Putative Metabolites
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Plant Material
3.2. Preparation of Fruit Extracts
3.3. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS)
3.4. Analysis of Metabolomics Data
3.5. Metabolomic Identification
3.6. Transcriptomic Analysis
4. Conclusions and Future Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Metabolite | Formula | m/z | Retention Time | Aduct | Error ppm | Ripening Stage/ +/− NO | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Colnelenic acid | C18H28O3 | 293.2121 | 10.69 | H+ | 3 | PV | 6.72 × 10−12 |
Capsoside A | C33H58O15 | 677.3754 | 9.54 | -H2O+/H+ | 0 | PV | 1.049 × 10−7 |
Quercetin | C15H10O7 | 303.0507 | 5.40 | H+ | 2 | PV/ PE+NO | 1.68 × 10−13/ 1.13 × 10−16 |
Quercitrin (Quercetin rhamnoside) | C21H20O11 | 449.1074 | 5.38 | H+ | 0 | PV/ PE+NO | 2.278 × 10−13/ 3.92 × 10−18 |
Quercitrin | C21H20O11 | 471.0892 | 5.40 | Na+ | 0 | PV/ PE+NO | 3.65 × 10−16/ 5.47 × 10−14 |
Gingerglycolipid A | C33H56O14 | 694.4012 | 9.51 | NH4+ | 0 | PV/ PE+NO | 1.402 × 10−8/ 0.025 |
Quercetin 3-(2Gal-apiosylrobinobioside) | C32H38O20 | 743.2052 | 3.74 | H+ | 3 | PV/ PE+NO | 7.396 × 10−7/ 2.454 × 10−9 |
Phytosphingosin | C18H39O3 | 318.3004 | 8.26 | H+ | 0 | PR | 1.34 × 10−10 |
FAD | C27H33N9O15P2 | 786.1624 | 4.97 | H+ | 2 | PR | 1.453 × 10−12 |
L-Tryptophan | C11H12N2O2 | 205.0959 | 3.23 | H+ | 3 | PR/ PE+NO | 8.01 × 10−14/ 3.53 × 10−5 |
Tetrahydropentoxylin | C17H22N2O7 | 367.1509 | 3.01 | H+ | 2 | PR/ PE+NO | 5.21 × 10−5/ 0.0492 |
Blumenol C glucoside | C19H32O7 | 373.2216 | 5.35 | H+ | 1 | PR/ PE+NO | 1.87 × 10−10/ 0.00189 |
Quercetin 3-(3-glucosylrutinoside) | C33H40O21 | 773.2133 | 3.69 | H+ | 0 | PR/ PE-NO | 1.14 × 10−10/ 1.42 × 10−7 |
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Guevara, L.; Domínguez-Anaya, M.Á.; Ortigosa, A.; González-Gordo, S.; Díaz, C.; Vicente, F.; Corpas, F.J.; Pérez del Palacio, J.; Palma, J.M. Identification of Compounds with Potential Therapeutic Uses from Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Fruits and Their Modulation by Nitric Oxide (NO). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 4476. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094476
Guevara L, Domínguez-Anaya MÁ, Ortigosa A, González-Gordo S, Díaz C, Vicente F, Corpas FJ, Pérez del Palacio J, Palma JM. Identification of Compounds with Potential Therapeutic Uses from Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Fruits and Their Modulation by Nitric Oxide (NO). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(9):4476. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094476
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuevara, Lucía, María Ángeles Domínguez-Anaya, Alba Ortigosa, Salvador González-Gordo, Caridad Díaz, Francisca Vicente, Francisco J. Corpas, José Pérez del Palacio, and José M. Palma. 2021. "Identification of Compounds with Potential Therapeutic Uses from Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Fruits and Their Modulation by Nitric Oxide (NO)" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 9: 4476. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094476