How to Select Firefly Luciferin Analogues for In Vivo Imaging
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Development of Luciferin and Luciferase for NIR BLI
2.1. Luciferin Analogues that Produce NIR Light
2.2. The Development and Evaluation of Combinations of Luciferin Analogues and Luciferase Mutants
3. Chemical and Physical Characteristics of the NIR Luciferin Analogues TokeOni and seMpai
3.1. Development of TokeOni (AkaLumine-HCl)
3.2. Development of seMpai
3.3. Differences between Luciferin Analogue Dynamics In Vivo
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
BBB | Blood–brain barrier |
BDNF | Brain-derived neurotrophic factor |
BLI | Bioluminescence imaging |
CBR | Click beetle luciferase |
CTZ | Coelenterazine |
DLH2 | d-Luciferin |
Eluc | Emerald luciferase |
Fluc | Firefly luciferase |
FMZ | Furimazine |
FMZ | Furimazine |
Gluc | Gaussia luciferase |
iLH2 | Infraluciferin |
NIR | Near-infrared |
Oluc | Oplophorus luciferase |
PBS | Phosphate buffered saline |
Rluc | Renilla luciferase |
SLR | Stable luciferase red |
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Scheme | Luciferase | Species | Co-Factors | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
d-Luciferin (DLH2) | Firefly luciferase (Fluc) | Photinus pyralis | ATP, O2, Mg2+ | [1,2,3,4,5,6,7] |
Click beetleluciferase (CBluc) | Pyrophorus plagiophthalamus | |||
Coelenterazine (CTZ) | Gaussia luciferase (Gluc) | Gaussia princeps | O2 | [1,2,3,8,9,10] |
Renilla luciferase (Rluc) | Renilla reniformas | |||
Oplophorus luciferase (Oluc) | Oplophorus gracilirostris |
Substrate | Luciferase | Wavelength | Km1 | Relative Intensity 2 | Target Organ | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
d-Luciferin(DLH2) | Firefly luciferase (luc, luc+, luc2) | 560 nm | 107 µM [58], 6.76 µM [72], 22.10 µM [73], 1 µM [74] | 1 | bone, brain, breast, lung, small intestine, subcutaneous | [15,16,18,19,20,21,24,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37] |
CycLuc1 | Firefly luciferase (luc, luc+, luc2) | 599 nm | 1.06 µM [58] 0.10 µM [72] | 0.7 (in vitro) 8 (brain) | brain | [57,75,76,77,78,79,80] |
TokeOni (AkaLumine-HCl) | Firefly luciferase (luc, luc+, luc2) | 675 nm | 2.06 µM [58], 2.78 µM [81], 1.3 µM [82], 0.195 µM [83] | 0.05 (in vitro) 40 (subcutaneous) 8.1 (lung) | brain, lung, subcutaneous | [22,54,58,81,84,85,86,87,88] |
AkaLuc (mutant) | 650 nm | 8.96 µM [81], 4.55 µM [89] | 10 (in cell) 1408 (brain) 52 (lung) | |||
Infraluciferin (iLH2) | Fluc_red S284T Fluc (mutant) | 706 nm | 6.0 µM [90] 4 | 7.28 (intracranial) 4.1 (systemic) 42 (subcutaneous) | brain, lymphoma, subcutaneous | [90,91] |
CybLuc | Firefly luciferase (luc, luc+, luc2) | 603 nm | 0.16 µM [73] | 18 (brain) 20 (subcutaneous) | brain, subcutaneous | [73,92] |
NH2-NpLH2 | Firefly luciferase (luc, luc+, luc2) | No emission | – | – | brain, subcutaneous | [74] |
CBR2opt (mutant) | 743 nm | 0.5 µM [74] | 0.3 (brain) 0.5 (subcutaneous) | |||
seMpai | Firefly luciferase (luc, luc+, luc2) | 675 nm | 6.2 µM [82] | 0.1 (in vitro) 0.7 (brain) 6 (lung) 1 (subcutaneous) | brain, breast, lung, subcutaneous | [82,86,89] |
AkaLuc (mutant) | 640 nm | 44.9 µM [89] | 0.2 (in vitro) 3 | |||
NIRLuc2 | Firefly luciferase (luc, luc+, luc2) | 683 nm | 1.05 µM [83] | 7 (subcutaneous) | subcutaneous | [83] |
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Saito-Moriya, R.; Nakayama, J.; Kamiya, G.; Kitada, N.; Obata, R.; Maki, S.A.; Aoyama, H. How to Select Firefly Luciferin Analogues for In Vivo Imaging. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 1848. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041848
Saito-Moriya R, Nakayama J, Kamiya G, Kitada N, Obata R, Maki SA, Aoyama H. How to Select Firefly Luciferin Analogues for In Vivo Imaging. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(4):1848. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041848
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaito-Moriya, Ryohei, Jun Nakayama, Genta Kamiya, Nobuo Kitada, Rika Obata, Shojiro A. Maki, and Hiroshi Aoyama. 2021. "How to Select Firefly Luciferin Analogues for In Vivo Imaging" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4: 1848. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041848