A Review of the Current Mammalian Models of Alzheimer’s Disease and Challenges That Need to Be Overcome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Defining Pathological Features of AD; Plaques and Tangles
3. Modelling AD in Animals
4. Small Animal Models of AD
4.1. Mouse Models
4.1.1. Plaque Pathology in Mouse Models
4.1.2. Replicating AD Tau Pathology
4.1.3. Construct Validity of Transgenic Mouse Models of AD
4.1.4. Murine APP Knock in Models
4.1.5. Murine PSEN1 Knock in Models
4.1.6. Construct Validity of MAPT Mouse Models
4.1.7. Predictive Validity of Murine Models
4.1.8. Murine Model Summary
4.2. Rat Models of AD
5. Large Animal Models in AD Research
5.1. Primate Models of AD
5.2. Larger Non-Primate Mammalian Models
5.2.1. Larger Companion Animals
5.2.2. Farm Animals
5.2.3. Pigs
5.2.4. Sheep
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Type of Modification | FAD Mutations | MAPT Mutations | Plaques | Tangles | Neurodegeneration | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PDAPP | Transgenesis | Indiana in APP | X | [48] | |||
Tg2576 | Transgenesis | Swedish in APP | X | [49] | |||
TgCRND8 | Transgenesis | Swedish and Indiana in APP | X | [50] | |||
PSAPP | Transgenesis | Swedish in APP, M146L in PSEN1 | X | [51] | |||
BRI-Aβ40 | Transgenesis | Aβ1–40 peptide | [52] | ||||
BRI-Aβ42 | Transgenesis | Aβ1–42 peptide | X | [52] | |||
5XFAD | Transgenesis | Swedish, Florida, London in APP. M146L and L286V in PSEN1 | X | X | [53] | ||
JNPL3 | Transgenesis | P301L in MAPT | X | X | [54] | ||
rTg4510 | Transgenesis | P301L in MAPT | X | X | [55] | ||
3xTg | Transgenesis | Swedish in APP, M146L in PSEN1 | P301L in MAPT | X | X | X | [56] |
TAPP | Transgenesis | Swedish in APP | P301L in MAPT | X | X | X | [57] |
Species | Scientific Name | Plaques | Tangles | Neurodegeneration | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chimpanzee | Pan troglodytes | X | X | [147,148] | |
Orang-Utan | Pongo spp. | X | [149] | ||
Western Gorilla | Gorilla | X | X | [150,151] | |
Eastern Gorilla | Gorilla beringei | X | X | [152] | |
Cynomolgus Monkey | Macaca fascicularis | X | X | [153,154,155,156] | |
Rhesus Macaque | Macaca mulattas | X | X | [157,158] | |
Stump Tailed macaque | Macaca arctoides | X | X | [159] | |
Vervet Monkey | Chlorocebus aethiops | X | X | [160] | |
Baboon | Papio hamadryas | X | X | [161,162,163] | |
Cotton Topped Tamarin | Saguinus oedipus | X | [164] | ||
Mouse Lemur | Microcebus murinus | X | X | X | [165,166,167] |
Common Marmoset | Callithrix jacchus | X | X | [168,169] | |
Squirrel Monkey | Saimiri sciureus | X | [170,171] | ||
Pigs | Sus domesticus | X * | X * | [172] | |
Domestic Sheep | Ovis aries | X | X | [145,173,174,175] | |
Domestic Goat | Capra hircus | X | [173] | ||
Bactrian Camel | Camelus bactrianus | X | [176] | ||
Reindeer | Rangifer tarandus | X | [177] | ||
American Bison | Bison | X | [177] | ||
Domestic Dog | Canis familiaris | X | X | X | [178,179,180,181,182,183] |
Domestic Cat | Felis catus | X | X | X | [184,185] |
Leopard Cat | Prionailurus bengalensis | X | X | [186] | |
Polar Bear | Ursus maritimus | X | [187] | ||
Brown Bear | Ursus arctos | X | [187] | ||
Black Bear | Ursus americanus | X | [188] | ||
Wolverine | Gulo | X | X | [189] | |
Harbor Seal species | Phoca largha, Phoca vitulina | X | X | [190] | |
Sea Lion species | Eumetopias jubatus, Zalophus californianus, Neophoca cinerea | X | X | [190] | |
Walrus | Odobenus rosmarus | X | X | [190] |
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Mckean, N.E.; Handley, R.R.; Snell, R.G. A Review of the Current Mammalian Models of Alzheimer’s Disease and Challenges That Need to Be Overcome. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 13168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222313168
Mckean NE, Handley RR, Snell RG. A Review of the Current Mammalian Models of Alzheimer’s Disease and Challenges That Need to Be Overcome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(23):13168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222313168
Chicago/Turabian StyleMckean, Natasha Elizabeth, Renee Robyn Handley, and Russell Grant Snell. 2021. "A Review of the Current Mammalian Models of Alzheimer’s Disease and Challenges That Need to Be Overcome" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 23: 13168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222313168