Dysregulation of Astrocyte Ion Homeostasis and Its Relevance for Stroke-Induced Brain Damage

van Putten, Michel J. A. M.; Fahlke, Christoph; Kafitz, Karl W.; Hofmeijer, Jeannette; Rose, Christine R.

doi:10.3390/ijms22115679

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Dysregulation of Astrocyte Ion Homeostasis and Its Relevance for Stroke-Induced Brain Damage

by

Michel J. A. M. van Putten

¹

,

Christoph Fahlke

²,

Karl W. Kafitz

³,

Jeannette Hofmeijer

¹ and

Christine R. Rose

^3,*

¹

Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands

²

Institut für Biologische Informationsprozesse, Molekular-und Zellphysiologie (IBI-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany

³

Institute of Neurobiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(11), 5679; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115679

Submission received: 19 April 2021 / Revised: 21 May 2021 / Accepted: 22 May 2021 / Published: 26 May 2021

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Astrocytes: Emerging Roles in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of CNS Disorders 2.0)

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Abstract

Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of mortality and chronic disability. Either recovery or progression towards irreversible failure of neurons and astrocytes occurs within minutes to days, depending on remaining perfusion levels. Initial damage arises from energy depletion resulting in a failure to maintain homeostasis and ion gradients between extra- and intracellular spaces. Astrocytes play a key role in these processes and are thus central players in the dynamics towards recovery or progression of stroke-induced brain damage. Here, we present a synopsis of the pivotal functions of astrocytes at the tripartite synapse, which form the basis of physiological brain functioning. We summarize the evidence of astrocytic failure and its consequences under ischemic conditions. Special emphasis is put on the homeostasis and stroke-induced dysregulation of the major monovalent ions, namely Na⁺, K⁺, H⁺, and Cl^-, and their involvement in maintenance of cellular volume and generation of cerebral edema.

Keywords: stroke core; penumbra; sodium; potassium; pH; chloride; glutamate transport; edema; cell swelling

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MDPI and ACS Style

van Putten, M.J.A.M.; Fahlke, C.; Kafitz, K.W.; Hofmeijer, J.; Rose, C.R. Dysregulation of Astrocyte Ion Homeostasis and Its Relevance for Stroke-Induced Brain Damage. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 5679. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115679

AMA Style

van Putten MJAM, Fahlke C, Kafitz KW, Hofmeijer J, Rose CR. Dysregulation of Astrocyte Ion Homeostasis and Its Relevance for Stroke-Induced Brain Damage. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(11):5679. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115679

Chicago/Turabian Style

van Putten, Michel J. A. M., Christoph Fahlke, Karl W. Kafitz, Jeannette Hofmeijer, and Christine R. Rose. 2021. "Dysregulation of Astrocyte Ion Homeostasis and Its Relevance for Stroke-Induced Brain Damage" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11: 5679. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115679

APA Style

van Putten, M. J. A. M., Fahlke, C., Kafitz, K. W., Hofmeijer, J., & Rose, C. R. (2021). Dysregulation of Astrocyte Ion Homeostasis and Its Relevance for Stroke-Induced Brain Damage. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(11), 5679. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115679

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Dysregulation of Astrocyte Ion Homeostasis and Its Relevance for Stroke-Induced Brain Damage

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