Developments of Riboswitches and Toehold Switches for Molecular Detection—Biosensing and Molecular Diagnostics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Operating Principles of Riboswitches and Toehold Switches
2.1. Riboswitches
2.2. Toehold Switches
3. Design Approaches for the Use of Riboswitches and Toehold Switches in Molecular Detection
3.1. Design Principles of Riboswitches
3.1.1. Aptamer Screening Approaches
3.1.2. Design Principles
3.2. Design Principles of Toehold Switches
3.2.1. Design Principles
3.2.2. Modifying Toehold Switch Parameters for the Fine-Tuning of Gene Expression
4. Applications of Riboswitches and Toehold Switches in Molecular Detection
4.1. Applications of Riboswitches
4.2. Applications of Toehold Switches
5. Conclusions and Perspective
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Class | Sensor | Type | Interaction | Application | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Riboswitches | Adenosylcobalamin (coenzyme B12) sensor | Natural | Ligand-RNA | Examination of the metabolism and transportation of coenzyme B12 in Escherichia coli | [81] |
Adenosylcobalamin (coenzyme B12) sensor | Natural | Ligand-RNA | Investigation of the coenzyme B12 transporter in E. coli | [82] | |
Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) and theophylline sensors | Synthetic | Ligand-RNA | Translational regulator of gene expression in plastids | [83] | |
Theophylline sensor | Synthetic | Ligand-RNA | High-throughput in vivo screening system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for enzyme engineering | [84] | |
l-Lysine sensor | synthetic | Ligand-RNA | High-throughput screening platform for the evolution of metabolite-producing E. coli | [85] | |
pH-based sensor | Synthetic | Ligand-RNA | Precise control of E. coli gene expression under different pH conditions | [75] | |
Guanine-based sensor | Synthetic | Ligand-RNA | Control gene expression in mammalian cells | [86] | |
RNA-based fluorescent biosensors | TPP, guanine, adenine and SAM sensors | Synthetic | Ligand-RNA | Live imaging of metabolite dynamic changes in E. coli living cells | [44] |
Cyclic di-GMP and cyclic AMP-GMP sensor | Synthetic | Ligand-RNA | Live imaging of cyclic dinucleotides in E. coli living cells | [87] | |
S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (SAH) sensors | Synthetic | Ligand-RNA | Direct detection of SAH both in vivo and in vitro | [88] | |
Toehold switches | Ebola RNA sensor | Synthetic | RNA-RNA | Diagnosis of the Ebola virus in clinical samples | [17] |
Zika RNA sensor | Synthetic | RNA-RNA | Diagnosis of the Zika virus in clinical samples | [25] | |
Gut microbiota RNA sensor | Synthetic | RNA-RNA | Analysis of the gut microbiota | [80] | |
Norovirus RNA sensor | Synthetic | RNA-RNA | Diagnosis of the norovirus in stool samples | [26] | |
microRNA (miRNA) sensor | Synthetic | miRNA-RNA | Detection of microRNAs in the mammalian cells | [76] |
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Hoang Trung Chau, T.; Hoang Anh Mai, D.; Ngoc Pham, D.; Thi Quynh Le, H.; Yeol Lee, E. Developments of Riboswitches and Toehold Switches for Molecular Detection—Biosensing and Molecular Diagnostics. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 3192. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093192
Hoang Trung Chau T, Hoang Anh Mai D, Ngoc Pham D, Thi Quynh Le H, Yeol Lee E. Developments of Riboswitches and Toehold Switches for Molecular Detection—Biosensing and Molecular Diagnostics. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(9):3192. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093192
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoang Trung Chau, Tin, Dung Hoang Anh Mai, Diep Ngoc Pham, Hoa Thi Quynh Le, and Eun Yeol Lee. 2020. "Developments of Riboswitches and Toehold Switches for Molecular Detection—Biosensing and Molecular Diagnostics" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 9: 3192. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093192