Perspectives on the Potential Benefits of Antihypertensive Peptides towards Metabolic Syndrome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Pathologies for Hypertension and Metabolic Syndrome
2.1. Systemic Renin Angiotensin System (RAS)
2.2. Endothelial Dysfunction
2.3. Oxidative Stress
2.4. Inflammation
3. Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS), Oxidative Stress, and MetS
4. Food Protein Derived Bioactive Peptides; Peptides against RAS and MetS
4.1. Dairy-Derived Peptides
4.2. Egg-Derived Peptides
4.3. Marine-Derived Peptides
4.4. Peptides from Other Sources
Treatment | Active Component | Model | Observed Effects | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Milk fermented with Lb. case | VPP/IPP | In vitro | Antioxidant activities | [127] |
Casein derived peptides | VPP/IPP | L-NAME-treated Wistar rats | Enhanced NO-bioavailability, reduced cardiac and renal damage | [126] |
Casein derived peptides | VPP/IPP | In vitro (3T3-F442A preadipocytes) | Adipogenic differentiation, insulin mimetic, and anti-inflammatory effects | [133] |
Fermented milk/casein hydrolysate | VPP/IPP | Apolipoprotein E–deficient mice | Reduced mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines and oxidized LDL- receptor | [132] |
Casein derived peptide | VPP | High-fat diet (HFD) fed C57BL/6J mice | Less inflammation in adipose tissue (reduced activated monocytes and pro-inflammatory macrophages, MCP-1 and IL-6 gene expression) | [125] |
Egg white hydrolysate | WEKAFKDED, QAMPFRVTEQE, ERYPIL, VFKGL | In vitro (3T3 F442A preadipocytes) | Enhanced preadipocyte differentiation and showed insulin mimetic and sensitizing effects | [139,142] |
Egg white hydrolysate | Mixture of peptides | Diet-induced insulin resistant SD rats | Improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, reduced adipocyte size and inflammation | [141] |
Ovotransferrin-derived peptide | IRW | In vitro (HUVECs), SHRs | Reduced inflammatory gene expression, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects | [146,171,172] |
Ovotransferrin-derived peptide | IRW | In vitro (Ang II-treated L6 cells) | Improved glucose uptake, and antioxidant effects (decreased Ang II-stimulated ROS formation and NADPH oxidase activation) | [149] |
Ovotransferrin-derived peptide | IQW | In vitro (HUVECs) | Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects | [146] |
Lysozyme hydrolysate | Mixture of peptides | Zucker diabetic fatty rats | Decreased oxidative stress, inflammation, and COX expression | [154] |
Egg white hydrolysate | FRADHPFL, RADHPFL, YAEERYPIL, YRGGLEPINF, ESIINF, RDILNQ, IVF, YQIGL, SALAM, FSL | Obese Zucker rats | Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, decreased epididymal fat mass, improved hepatic steatosis, and reduced plasma free fatty acids | [156] |
Egg white hydrolysate | Mixture of peptides | High-fat/high-dextrose diet-fed Wistar rats | Reduced body weight, abdominal fat, and plasma glucose | [173] |
Egg yolk protein hydrolysate | YINQMPQKSRE, YINQMPQKSREA, VTGRFAGHPAAQ, YIEAVNKVSPRAGQF | In vitro | Antioxidant, α-glucosidase and DPP-IV inhibitory activities | [157] |
Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) skin gelatin hydrolysate | TCSP, TGGGNV, LLMLDNDLPP | In vitro | Antioxidant | [161,162] |
Skate (Okamejei kenojei) gelatin hydrolysate | MVGSAPGVL, LGPLGHQ | In vitro (human endothelial cells) | Antioxidant (radical scavenging activity, increased protein level and upregulated gene expression of antioxidant enzymes) | [163] |
Sardine protein hydrolysate | Mixture of peptides | Stroke-prone SHRs | Improved glucose handling and insulin sensitivity | [164] |
Sardine muscle hydrolysate | MY | In vitro (human endothelial cells) | Antioxidant activity (protecting endothelial cells from oxidative stress via induction of heme oxygenase-1 and ferritin) | [166] |
Wild Chum Salmon protein hydrolysate | Oligopeptides with molecular weights of 130–3000 Da | High fat diet (HFD) fed SD rats | Reduced fasting blood glucose, reduced β-cells apoptosis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects (reduced serum TNFα, IFNγ, and MDA, increased SOD and GSH) | [167] |
Marine snail meat and visceral mass | YSQLENEFDR, YIAEDAER | In vitro, and zebrafish model | Antioxidant, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities | [168] |
Hemp seed meal protein hydrolysate | Mixture of peptides | SHRs (young and adult) | Antioxidant effects (increased plasma SOD and CAT and decreased total peroxides) | [170] |
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACE | Angiotensin converting enzyme |
Ang I | Angiotensin I |
Ang II | Angiotensin II |
AT1R | Angiotensin II type 1 receptor |
AT2R | Angiotensin II type 2 receptor |
CVDs | Cardiovascular diseases |
eNOS | Endothelial nitric oxide synthase |
ICAM-1 | Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 |
IL | Interleukin |
iNOS | Inducible nitric oxide synthase |
IκB | Inhibitor kappaB |
LDL | Low density lipoprotein |
MCP-1 | Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 |
MetS | Metabolic syndrome |
NADPH | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate |
NF-κB | Nuclear factor kappaB |
NO | Nitric oxide |
NOS | Nitric oxide synthase |
RAS | Renin angiotensin system |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
SHR | Spontaneously hypertensive rats |
TNF | Tumor necrosis factor |
VCAM-1 | Vascular adhesion molecule 1 |
VSMC | Vascular smooth muscle cell |
List of amino acids | |
A (Ala) | Alanine |
C (Cys) | Cysteine |
D (Asp) | Aspartic acid |
E (Glu) | Glutamic acid |
F (Phe) | Phenylalanine |
G (Gly) | Glycine |
H (His) | Histidine |
I (Ile) | Isoleucine |
K (Lys) | Lysine |
L (Leu) | Leucine |
M (Met) | Methionine |
N (Asn) | Asparagine |
P (Pro) | Proline |
Q (Glu) | Glutamine |
R (Arg) | Arginine |
S (Ser) | Serine |
T (Thr) | Threonine |
V (Val) | Valine |
W (Trp) | Tryptophan |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
Y (Tyr) | Tyrosine |
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Jahandideh, F.; Wu, J. Perspectives on the Potential Benefits of Antihypertensive Peptides towards Metabolic Syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 2192. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21062192
Jahandideh F, Wu J. Perspectives on the Potential Benefits of Antihypertensive Peptides towards Metabolic Syndrome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(6):2192. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21062192
Chicago/Turabian StyleJahandideh, Forough, and Jianping Wu. 2020. "Perspectives on the Potential Benefits of Antihypertensive Peptides towards Metabolic Syndrome" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 6: 2192. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21062192