Astaxanthin n-Octanoic Acid Diester Ameliorates Insulin Resistance and Modulates Gut Microbiota in High-Fat and High-Sucrose Diet-Fed Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. AOD Attenuated Glucose Intolerance and IR
2.2. AOD Relieved Intestinal Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
2.3. AOD Upregulated Tight Junction Components
2.4. HFD Induced a Profound Change in the Gut Microbiota
2.5. AOD and AST Modulated Gut Microbiota Under an HFD
2.6. Microbial Pathways Impacted by AOD and AST
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Preparation of AOD
4.2. Animal Maintenance and Treatment
4.3. Detection of Serum and Intestinal Parameters
4.4. Real-Time qPCR
4.5. Fecal Total DNA Extraction
4.6. Sequencing and Bioinformatics Analysis
4.7. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AOD | Astaxanthin n-octanoic acid diester |
AST | Free astaxanthin |
AUC | Area under the curve |
GTs | Glycosyltransferases |
HFD | High-fat and high-sucrose diet |
HPLC-DAD | High-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector |
HOMA-IR | Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance |
IFN-γ | Interferon-γ |
IL-1β | Interleukin 1β |
IR | Insulin resistance |
KEGG | Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes |
LDA | The linear discriminant analysis |
LEfSe | Linear discriminant analysis effect size |
LPS | Lipopolysaccharide |
NC | Normal control diet |
OGTT | Oral glucose tolerance test |
OTUs | Operational taxonomic units |
PD | Phylogenetic diversity |
PICRUSt | Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States |
SCFAs | Short chain fatty acids |
TNF | Tumor necrosis factor |
ZO-1 | Zonula occludens 1 |
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OTU_ID (GreenGene) | Annotation | NC | HFD | AOD | AST | Significant |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
389282 | (S24-7) | 0.0977 ± 0.0676 | 0.0089 ± 0.0021 | 0.1460 ± 0.1110 | 0.0380 ± 0.0200 | ab |
780650 | (Clostridiaceae) | 0.2871 ± 0.0918 | 1.2600 ± 0.3257 | 0.3875 ± 0.1396 | 0.7526 ± 0.1670 | ab |
166226 | Oscillospira sp, | 0.2080 ± 0.0738 | 0.0009 ± 0.0006 | 0.0599 ± 0.0271 | 0.1293 ± 0.0510 | abc |
351972 | Dehalobacterium sp, | 0.0613 ± 0.0324 | 0.2008 ± 0.0421 | 0.0457 ± 0.0265 | 0.0633 ± 0.0229 | abc |
1788776 | (Clostridiaceae) | 0.0000 ± 0.0000 | 0.0005 ± 0.0002 | 0.0000 ± 0.0000 | 0.0000 ± 0.0000 | ac |
181683 | (Ruminococcus) gnavus | 0.0000 ± 0.0000 | 0.0003 ± 0.0001 | 0.0002 ± 0.0001 | 0.0000 ± 0.0000 | ac |
338258 | (S24-7) | 0.8171 ± 0.1085 | 0.0978 ± 0.0886 | 0.1681 ± 0.0853 | 0.4071 ± 0.1099 | ac |
4289858 | (Clostridiaceae) | 0.0000 ± 0.0000 | 0.0003 ± 0.0001 | 0.0000 ± 0.0000 | 0.0000 ± 0.0000 | ac |
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Gao, Y.; Yang, L.; Chin, Y.; Liu, F.; Li, R.W.; Yuan, S.; Xue, C.; Xu, J.; Tang, Q. Astaxanthin n-Octanoic Acid Diester Ameliorates Insulin Resistance and Modulates Gut Microbiota in High-Fat and High-Sucrose Diet-Fed Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 2149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21062149
Gao Y, Yang L, Chin Y, Liu F, Li RW, Yuan S, Xue C, Xu J, Tang Q. Astaxanthin n-Octanoic Acid Diester Ameliorates Insulin Resistance and Modulates Gut Microbiota in High-Fat and High-Sucrose Diet-Fed Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(6):2149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21062149
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao, Yuan, Lu Yang, Yaoxian Chin, Fang Liu, Robert W. Li, Shihan Yuan, Changhu Xue, Jie Xu, and Qingjuan Tang. 2020. "Astaxanthin n-Octanoic Acid Diester Ameliorates Insulin Resistance and Modulates Gut Microbiota in High-Fat and High-Sucrose Diet-Fed Mice" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 6: 2149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21062149