Immune Response Dysfunction in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Dissecting Molecular Mechanisms and Microenvironmental Conditions
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Innate Immune Response Dysfunction in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
3. Adaptive Immune Response Dysfunction in CLL
4. Molecular Mechanisms Driving Immune Response Dysfunction in CLL
4.1. Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen-4 (CTLA-4)/B7
4.2. Programmed Cell Death 1 (PD-1)/Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1)
4.3. T Cell Immunoreceptor with Immunoglobulin and Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-Based Inhibition Motif (ITIM) Domains (TIGIT)
4.4. HLA-G
5. Environmental Mechanisms Driving Immune Response Dysfunction in CLL
5.1. The B Cell Receptor
5.2. Hypoxia and Metabolic Adaptation
5.3. Adenosine Signaling
6. Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
IL-10 | interleukin-10 |
SOCS5 | suppressor of cytokine signaling 5 |
STAT6 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 |
HLA | Human leukocyte antigen |
TNF | tumor necrosis factor |
FOXP3 | forkhead box P3 |
SLAM | signaling lymphocytic activation molecules |
IFNg | interferon gamma |
SHIP1 | Src homology 2 (SH2) domain containing inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase 1 |
NF-kB | nuclear factor kB |
PI3K | Phosphoinositide 3-kinases |
MAPK | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
VEGFA | vascular endothelial growth factor A |
IRF4 | interferon regulatory factor |
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Arruga, F.; Gyau, B.B.; Iannello, A.; Vitale, N.; Vaisitti, T.; Deaglio, S. Immune Response Dysfunction in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Dissecting Molecular Mechanisms and Microenvironmental Conditions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 1825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051825
Arruga F, Gyau BB, Iannello A, Vitale N, Vaisitti T, Deaglio S. Immune Response Dysfunction in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Dissecting Molecular Mechanisms and Microenvironmental Conditions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(5):1825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051825
Chicago/Turabian StyleArruga, Francesca, Benjamin Baffour Gyau, Andrea Iannello, Nicoletta Vitale, Tiziana Vaisitti, and Silvia Deaglio. 2020. "Immune Response Dysfunction in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Dissecting Molecular Mechanisms and Microenvironmental Conditions" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 5: 1825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051825
APA StyleArruga, F., Gyau, B. B., Iannello, A., Vitale, N., Vaisitti, T., & Deaglio, S. (2020). Immune Response Dysfunction in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Dissecting Molecular Mechanisms and Microenvironmental Conditions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(5), 1825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051825