The Bacterial Anti-Adhesive Activity of Double-Etched Titanium (DAE) as a Dental Implant Surface
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Aim
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Titanium Surfaces Preparation
- -
- Group 1: IV-grade titanium discs with a machined surface.
- -
- Group 2 (Single-Etched Group): IV-grade titanium discs with surface treated by acid-etching. The discs were subjected to a single-etching process with subsequent treatment with nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and final neutralizing buffer.
- -
- Group 3 (DAE Group): IV-grade titanium discs with surface treated by double acid-etching. The discs were subjected to a double-etching process (DAE) with a mixture of nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and final neutralizing buffer.
4.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
4.3. Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS)
4.4. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
4.5. Measurement of Wetting Properties
4.6. Microbial Strain
4.6.1. Saliva Collection
4.6.2. Biofilm Development
- (i)
- The CFU count for the quantification of cultivable cells.
- (ii)
- The biofilm mass evaluation by Hucker’s crystal violet staining method.
- (iii)
- The cell viability by LIVE/DEAD staining.
4.6.3. Determination of Colony-Forming Units (CFUs)
4.6.4. Biofilm Biomass Assay
4.6.5. Cell Viability Assay
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Titanium | Oxygen | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
at % | wt% | at % | wt% | ||
MACHINED | Mean | 89.380 | 96.203 | 10.347 | 3.723 |
St. Deviation | 0.553 | 0.211 | 0.523 | 0.203 | |
Maximum | 89.850 | 96.380 | 10.930 | 3.950 | |
Minimum | 88.770 | 95.970 | 9.920 | 3.560 | |
ETCHED | Mean | 87.967 | 95.640 | 11.893 | 4.323 |
St. Deviation | 0.445 | 0.177 | 0.419 | 0.166 | |
Maximum | 88.370 | 95.800 | 12.340 | 4.500 | |
Minimum | 87.490 | 95.450 | 11.510 | 4.170 | |
DAE | Mean | 86.123 | 94.900 | 13.693 | 5.050 |
St. Deviation | 1.780 | 0.723 | 1.761 | 0.713 | |
Maximum | 88.000 | 95.660 | 15.330 | 5.720 | |
Minimum | 84.460 | 94.220 | 11.830 | 4.300 |
% POROSITY | WCA | WETTED AREA | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
24 h | CFU | Pearson’s Correlation | −0.424 | −0.277 | 0.162 |
Sig. (Two-tails) | 0.063 | 0.471 | 0.677 | ||
BIOMASS | Pearson’s Correlation | −0.171 | 0.648 | −0.629 | |
Sig. (Two-tails) | 0.497 | 0.059 | 0.069 | ||
48 h | CFU | Pearson’s Correlation | −0.415 | 0.778 * | −0.737 * |
Sig. (Two-tails) | 0.077 | 0.013 * | 0.023 * | ||
BIOMASS | Pearson’s Correlation | 0.133 | −0.289 | 0.342 | |
Sig. (Two-tails) | 0.666 | 0.45 | 0.368 |
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Petrini, M.; Giuliani, A.; Di Campli, E.; Di Lodovico, S.; Iezzi, G.; Piattelli, A.; D’Ercole, S. The Bacterial Anti-Adhesive Activity of Double-Etched Titanium (DAE) as a Dental Implant Surface. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 8315. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218315
Petrini M, Giuliani A, Di Campli E, Di Lodovico S, Iezzi G, Piattelli A, D’Ercole S. The Bacterial Anti-Adhesive Activity of Double-Etched Titanium (DAE) as a Dental Implant Surface. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(21):8315. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218315
Chicago/Turabian StylePetrini, Morena, Alessandra Giuliani, Emanuela Di Campli, Silvia Di Lodovico, Giovanna Iezzi, Adriano Piattelli, and Simonetta D’Ercole. 2020. "The Bacterial Anti-Adhesive Activity of Double-Etched Titanium (DAE) as a Dental Implant Surface" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21: 8315. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218315