PARP Inhibitor Olaparib Causes No Potentiation of the Bleomycin Effect in VERO Cells, Even in the Presence of Pooled ATM, DNA-PK, and LigIV Inhibitors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. OLA Did Not Potentiate BLEO Effects on VERO Cells
2.2. Untreated VERO Cell Nuclei Harbor PARP, PARG, and PAR
2.3. No Sharp PAR Increase Could Be Detected Immediately after the 45 min Pulse of BLEO
2.4. OLA Did Not Hamper the DNA Damage Induction by BLEO
2.5. OLA Did Not Potentiate BLEO, Even in the Presence of a Pool of DNA Repair Enzyme Inhibitors
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. VERO Cell Culture
4.2. Treatments with BLEO and Inhibitors
4.3. Verification of the PARPis and PARGi Effects on VERO Basal PAR Pool
4.4. Cell Viability Assay (MTT)
4.5. Clonogenic Assay
4.6. Comet Assay
4.7. Indirect Inmunocytofluorescence and Image Acquisition
4.8. Cell Counting Using Low-Magnification Fields
4.9. Relative PAR Quantification
4.10. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
γH2AX | Histone H2AX phosphorylated on Ser 139 |
10H | Clone mouse monoclonal anti-PAR antibody (Tulip #1020) |
3AB | 3-Aminobenzamide (PARP inhibitor) |
3i | Inhibition of DNA-PK, LigIV, and ATM |
4-ANI | 4-Amino-1,8-naphthalimide |
53BP1 | p53 binding protein 1 |
AG14361 | 2-[4-[(dimethylamino)methyl]phenyl]-1,3,10-triazatricyclo[6.4.1.04,13]trideca-2,4,6,8(13)-tetraen-9-one (PARP-1i) |
ATM | Ataxia telangiectasia mutated |
ATMi | ATM inhibitor |
ATR | Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein |
ATRi | ATR inhibitor |
AZ20 | 4{4-[(3R)3-Methylmorpholin-4-yl]-6-[1-(methylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1H-indole |
BER | Base excision repair |
BLEO | Bleomycin |
BRCA1/2 | Breast cancer gene 1 or 2 |
CDKN2 | Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2 |
CHK1 | Checkpoint kinase 1 |
CHO9 | Chinese hamster ovary 9 cell line |
C-NHEJ | Canonic-non-homologous End Joining |
DAPI | 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (fluorescent DNA marker) |
DDI | DNA damage index |
DDR | DNA damage response |
DEA | 6,9-Diamino-2-ethoxyacridine-DL-lactate monohydrate |
DMSO | Dimethyl sulfoxide |
DNA-PK | DNA-dependent protein kinase |
DNA-PKi | DNA-PK inhibitor |
DSBs | Double-strand breaks |
E-64 | trans-Poxysuccinyl-l-leucylamido-(4-guanidino) butane |
E7016 | 10-((4-Hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)methyl)chromeno[4,3,2-de]phthalazin-3(2H)-one (PARPi) |
EB | 5′-deoxy-5′-[4-[2-[(2,3-dihydro-1oxo-1H-isoindol-4-yl)amino]-2-oxoethyl]-1-piperazinyl]-5′-oxoadenosine dihydrochloride (PARPi) |
FBS | Fetal bovine serum |
HeLa | Henrietta Lacks human epithelial carcinoma cell line |
HEp-2 | Human epithelial type 2 cells |
HNSCC | Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas |
HR | Homologous recombination |
IC50 | The half-maximal inhibitory concentration |
ICF | Inmunocytofluorescence |
INO1001 | 3-Aminobenzamide (PARP inhibitor) |
IR | Ionizing radiation |
KU-0060648 | 4-Ethyl-N-[4-[2-(4-morpholinyl)-4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-8-yl]-1-dibenzothienyl]-1-piperazineacetamide (DNA-PKi) |
KU55933 | 2-Morpholin-4-yl-6-thianthren-1-yl-pyran-4-one |
KU70/80 | Ku heterodimer: Ku70 (XRCC6) and Ku80 (XRCC5) |
LigIII | DNA ligase 3 |
LigIV | DNA ligase 4 |
LigIVi | LigIV inhibitor |
MAPK | Mitogen-activated protein kinase |
MEM | Minimum essential medium |
MMEJ | Microhomology-mediated end joining |
MMS | Methylmethanosulfonate |
MRE11 | Complex consisting of meiotic recombination 11 |
Mst-1 | Macrophage-stimulating 1 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) |
MTT | 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide |
NAD+ | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide |
Nam | Nicotinamide |
NMuMG | Nontransformed mouse mammary gland epithelial cell line |
OLA | Olaparib (Lynparza, AZD-2281; PARP-1/2 & 3 inhibitor); IUPAC name:4-[[3-[4-(cyclopropanecarbonyl)piperazine-1-carbonyl]-4-fluorophenyl]methyl]-2H-phthalazin-1-one |
p38 | A class of MAPK |
PAR | Poly(ADP-ribose) |
PARG | Poly-ADP-glicohidrolase |
PARP | Poly(ADP-ribosyl) polymerase |
PARPis | PARP inhibitors |
PARylation | Poly(ADP-ribosylation) |
PBS | Phosphate-buffered saline |
PFA | Paraformaldehyde |
Polβ | DNA polymerase β |
Prexacertib | 5-[[5-[2-(3-aminopropoxy)-6-methoxyphenyl]-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]amino]pyrazine-2-carbonitrile (CHK1 inhibitor) |
PtK2 | Male rat kangaroo kidney epithelial cell |
RT | Room temperature |
SSBs | Single-strand breaks |
TNKS | Tankyrase |
UV-C | Ultraviolet C radiation |
VE-821 | 3-amino-6-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)-N-phenylpyrazine-2-carboxamide (ATRi) |
VE-822 | 3-[3-[4-(methylaminomethyl)phenyl]-1,2-oxazol-5-yl]-5-(4-propan-2-ylsulfonylphenyl)pyrazin-2-amine (ATRi) |
VERO | African green monkey kidney epithelial cell line |
VRK1 | Vaccinia-related kinase 1 |
WBWEE1 | Western BlotsG2 checkpoint kinase |
XRCC1 | X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1 |
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
Appendix E
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Perini, V.; Schacke, M.; Liddle, P.; Vilchez-Larrea, S.; Keszenman, D.J.; Lafon-Hughes, L. PARP Inhibitor Olaparib Causes No Potentiation of the Bleomycin Effect in VERO Cells, Even in the Presence of Pooled ATM, DNA-PK, and LigIV Inhibitors. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 8288. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218288
Perini V, Schacke M, Liddle P, Vilchez-Larrea S, Keszenman DJ, Lafon-Hughes L. PARP Inhibitor Olaparib Causes No Potentiation of the Bleomycin Effect in VERO Cells, Even in the Presence of Pooled ATM, DNA-PK, and LigIV Inhibitors. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(21):8288. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218288
Chicago/Turabian StylePerini, Valentina, Michelle Schacke, Pablo Liddle, Salomé Vilchez-Larrea, Deborah J. Keszenman, and Laura Lafon-Hughes. 2020. "PARP Inhibitor Olaparib Causes No Potentiation of the Bleomycin Effect in VERO Cells, Even in the Presence of Pooled ATM, DNA-PK, and LigIV Inhibitors" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21: 8288. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218288