Occurrence and Analysis of Thermophilic Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)-Degrading Microorganisms in Temperate Zone Soils
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Screening for PBAT Degraders in Soils
2.2. Characterization of the PBAT-Degrading Consortia
2.3. Characterization of the PBAT-Degrading Community from Compost
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Polymer Materials
3.2. Soil and Compost Characterization
3.3. PBAT Agar Plates and Enrichment of Thermophilic PBAT Degraders
3.4. Biodegradation Test in Compost
3.5. Scanning Electron Microscopy
3.6. DNA Analysis
4. Conclusions
- Mesophilic PBAT degraders are not present, or were not detected by the employed method due to their absence or extremely low numbers. On the contrary, the thermophilic degraders, although present in relatively low numbers in the investigated soils, are broadly present in the environment and so the availability of specific PBAT degraders does not represent a limiting factor for the composting treatment of this synthetic polymer.
- Thermophilic actinomycetes, Thermobispora bispora particularly, together with bacilli proved to be the key constituents of the isolated and characterized PBAT-degrading consortia as derived from both PCR-DGGE and NGS analysis of the isolated consortia. Similar patterns were also observed in the PBAT-degrading microbial community from the local composting plant.
- The attempts to isolate pure strains with the polymer as the sole carbon source failed, which suggested that the process requires the participation of more microorganisms.
- Actinomycetes and bacilli were the prevalent species in the initial phase of biodegradation in compost. Moreover, from microscopic analysis, filamentous bacteria with spores that could be morphologically assigned as actinomycetes were observed after nine days of incubation. These microscopy results, in conjunction with other evidence including experiments on agar plates, DGGE analysis and identification of the retrieved sequences, and NGS results, lead us to conclude that actinomycetes are important for PBAT biodegradation in compost.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
PBAT | Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) |
NGS | Next generation sequencing |
PCR-DGGE | Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis |
TPS | Thermoplastic starch |
PLA | Poly(lactic acid) |
TPSu | Thermoplastic starch with urea as plasticizer |
PVA | Poly(vinyl) alcohol |
SEM | Scanning electron microscopy |
CFU | Colony forming units |
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Soil No. | Habitat | a Corg, % | Soil Type | pH | b CFU 1 × 102 Per Gram | c CFU 2 × 102 Per Gram | Band Number | Identified Bacteria | d % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Orchard | 1.3 | Fluvisol | 6.60 | 2 | 44 | 1.1 | Anoxybacilluss sp. | 97 |
1.2 | Paenibacillus | 92 | |||||||
1.3 | Thermobispora bispora | 97 | |||||||
1.4 | Thermobispora bispora | 97 | |||||||
2 | Stream bank | 1.3 | Fluvisol | 5.85 | <1 | 9.9 | 2.5 | Geobacillus sp. | 99 |
2.6 | Thermobispora bispora | 97 | |||||||
2.7 | Thermobispora bispora | 97 | |||||||
3 | Field | 2.3 | Luvisol | 6.2 | <1 | <1 | - | - | - |
4 | Field | 3.0 | Fluvisol | 6.41 | <1 | <1 | - | - | - |
5 | Field | 3.0 | Fluvisol | 6.59 | <1 | <1 | - | - | - |
6 | Grass cover | 0.8 | Luvisol | 6.10 | <1 | 5.7 | 6.8 | Aeribacillus sp. | 96 |
6.9 | Geobacillus caldoxylosilyticus | 99 | |||||||
6.10 | Thermobispora bispora | 99 | |||||||
7 | Stream bank | 0.8 | Fluvisol | 5.90 | <1 | 25 | 7.11 | Actinomadura rubrobrunea | 98 |
8 | Stream bank | 1.3 | Fluvisol | 6.05 | 1 | 15 | 8.12 | Geobacillus sp. | 77 |
8.13 | Paenibacillus caldisaponilyticus | 99 | |||||||
8.14 | Thermobispora bispora | 96 | |||||||
9 | Field | 1.3 | Luvisol | 6.12 | <1 | 4.6 | 9.15 | Bacillus sp. | 99 |
9.16 | Diaphorobacter sp. | 93 | |||||||
9.17 | Methylobacterium sp. | 95 | |||||||
9.18 | Thermobispora bispora | 96 | |||||||
10 | Grass cover | 1.7 | Fluvisol | 5.40 | <1 | 4.3 | 10.19 | Anoxybacillus caldiproteolyticus | 99 |
10.20 | Geobacillus sp. | 99 | |||||||
11 | Field | 1.7 | Luvisol | 6.43 | 2 | 12 | 11.21 | Geobacillus sp. | 99 |
11.22 | Geobacillus sp. | 99 | |||||||
11.23 | Thermobispora bispora | 97 | |||||||
12 | Forest | 3.5 | Luvisol | 5.30 | <1 | 3.3 | 12.24 | Propionibacterium | 100 |
12.25 | Microbispora bispora | 99 | |||||||
13 | Forest | 1.0 | Leptosol | 5.24 | <1 | 1.3 | 13.26 | Flectobacillus sp. | 99 |
13.27 | Flectobacillus roseus | 99 | |||||||
13.28 | Geobacillus sp. | 94 | |||||||
13.29 | Bacillus sp. | 99 | |||||||
13.30 | Methylobacterium sp. | 97 | |||||||
13.31 | Microbispora bispora | 96 | |||||||
13.32 | Actinobacteria | 88 | |||||||
14 | Field | 1.0 | Leptosol | 5.45 | <1 | 93 | 14.33 | Flectobacillus sp. | 99 |
14.34 | Flectobacillus roseus | 99 | |||||||
14.35 | Geobacillus sp. | 94 | |||||||
Thermobispora bispora | 99 | ||||||||
15 | Field | 1.2 | Cambisol | 5.80 | <1 | 8.8 | 15.36 | Thermobispora bispora | 99 |
15.37 | Thermobispora bispora | 99 | |||||||
16 | Stream bank | 1.5 | Fluvisol | 6.27 | <1 | <1 | - | - | - |
17 | Field | 2.0 | Cambisol | 5.97 | <1 | <1 | - | - | - |
18 | Field | 1.2 | Cambisol | 6.4 | <1 | 8.7 | 18.38 | Paenibacillus sp. | 93 |
18.39 | Thermobacillus sp. | 95 | |||||||
18.40 | Aeribacillus sp. | 99 | |||||||
18.41 | Blastochloris sp. | 87 | |||||||
18.42 | Thermobispora bispora | 99 | |||||||
19 | Field | 2.3 | Fluvisol | 6.42 | <1 | <1 | - | - | - |
20 | Grass cover | 1.2 | Fluvisol | 5.93 | <1 | 7.7 | 20.43 | Geobacillus sp. | 99 |
20.44 | Thermobispora bispora | 99 | |||||||
20.45 | Thermobispora bispora | 99 | |||||||
21 | Field | 1.2 | Fluvisol | 5.30 | <1 | 92 | 21.46 | Geobacillus debilis | 99 |
21.47 | Thermobispora bispora | 99 | |||||||
22 | Stream bank | 3.5 | Fluvisol | 6.25 | <1 | 15 | 22.48 | Paenibacillus sp. | 88 |
22.49 | Alicyclobacillus | 90 | |||||||
23 | Stream bank | 3.5 | Fluvisol | 5.57 | 1 | 140 | 23.50 | Geobacillus caldoxylosilyticus | 99 |
Thermobispora bispora | 99 | ||||||||
23.51 | |||||||||
24 | Orchard | 3.5 | Cambisol | 6.10 | 1 | 22 | 24.52 | Aeribacillus sp. | 99 |
24.53 | |||||||||
25 | Field | 2.3 | Chernozem | 5.75 | <1 | <1 | - | - | - |
26 | Forest | 1.3 | Cambisol | 5.03 | <1 | 32 | 26.54 | Alicyclobacillus | 97 |
26.55 | Thermobacillus sp. | 95 | |||||||
26.56 | Blastochloris sp. | 96 | |||||||
26.57 | Actinomadura sp. | 96 | |||||||
27 | Grass cover | 0.8 | Cambisol | 6.50 | <1 | 24 | 27.58 | Thermobispora bispora | 96 |
27.59 | Thermobispora bispora | 97 | |||||||
27.60 | Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius | 96 | |||||||
Parageobacillus thermoglucosidans | |||||||||
27.61 | 99 | ||||||||
28 | Forest | 1.2 | Cambisol | 5.23 | <1 | 9.6 | 28.62 | Thermobispora bispora | 99 |
28.63 | Kyrpidia tusciae | 96 | |||||||
29 | Grass cover | 1.2 | Chernozem | 6.65 | <1 | 89 | 29.64 | Tuberibacillus sp. | 99 |
29.65 | Paennibacillus sp. | 91 | |||||||
29.66 | Paenibacillus sp. | 89 | |||||||
29.67 | Paenibacillus sp. | 94 | |||||||
29.68 | Anoxybacillus caldiproteolyticus | 99 | |||||||
Anoxybacillus caldiproteolyticus | |||||||||
29.69 | 99 | ||||||||
30 | Grass cover | 1.7 | Chernozem | 6.77 | <1 | 18 | 30.70 | Thermobispora bispora | 99 |
30.71 | Thermobispora bispora Geobacillus sp. | 99 | |||||||
30.72 | Bacillus sp. | 99 | |||||||
30.73 | 80 | ||||||||
31 | Field | 3.0 | Fluvisol | 5.81 | <1 | <1 | - | - | - |
32 | Grass cover | 2.0 | Luvisol | 6.12 | <1 | <1 | - | - | - |
33 | Grass cover | 2.0 | Luvisol | 6.14 | <1 | <1 | - | - | - |
34 | Field | 1.4 | Luvisol | 6.72 | <1 | 70 | 34.74 | Dokdonella sp. | 97 |
34.75 | Thermobispora bispora | 99 | |||||||
34.76 | Thermobispora bispora | 99 | |||||||
35 | Field | 1.4 | Luvisol | 5.90 | <1 | 140 | 35.77 | Paenibacillus ehimensis | 93 |
35.78 | Thermoanaerobacterium | 87 | |||||||
36 | Field | 1.0 | Leptosol | 6.10 | 1 | 5.1 | 6.79 | Caldicellulosiruptor sp. | 97 |
36.80 | Pelomonas aquatica | 99 | |||||||
36.81 | Methylobacterium sp. | 98 | |||||||
36.82 | Propionibacterium sp. | 99 | |||||||
37 | Stream bank | 1.0 | Cambisol | 6.19 | 1 | 16 | 37.83 | Comamonadaceae bacterium | 99 |
37.84 | Thermobispora bispora | 99 | |||||||
38 | Stream bank | 1.2 | Chernozem | 6.61 | <1 | 31 | 38.85 | Geobacillus sp. | 98 |
38.86 | Thermobispora bispora | 98 | |||||||
39 | Field | 1.7 | Fluvisol | 6.7 | 2 | 31 | 39.87 | Aeribacillus sp. | 99 |
39.88 | Geobacillus sp. | 100 | |||||||
39.89 | Thermobispora bispora | 96 | |||||||
40 | Forest | 3.0 | Fluvisol | 5.59 | <1 | <1 | - | - | - |
41 | Field | 1.7 | Fluvisol | 6.75 | 2 | 13 | 41.90 | Paenibacillus sp. | 95 |
41.91 | Thermobispora bispora | 98 |
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Šerá, J.; Kadlečková, M.; Fayyazbakhsh, A.; Kučabová, V.; Koutný, M. Occurrence and Analysis of Thermophilic Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)-Degrading Microorganisms in Temperate Zone Soils. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 7857. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217857
Šerá J, Kadlečková M, Fayyazbakhsh A, Kučabová V, Koutný M. Occurrence and Analysis of Thermophilic Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)-Degrading Microorganisms in Temperate Zone Soils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(21):7857. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217857
Chicago/Turabian StyleŠerá, Jana, Markéta Kadlečková, Ahmad Fayyazbakhsh, Veronika Kučabová, and Marek Koutný. 2020. "Occurrence and Analysis of Thermophilic Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)-Degrading Microorganisms in Temperate Zone Soils" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21: 7857. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217857