Hemmule: A Novel Structure with the Properties of the Stem Cell Niche
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Morphology and Fine Structure of Hemmule
2.2. Nature of Hemmule Vessels
2.2.1. Comparison of Hemmule Vessels with Blood and Lymphatic Vessels
2.2.2. RNA Expression Patterns in the Hemmule, Bone Marrow, Lymph Node, and Blood Vessel
2.3. Cells Found in the Hemmule
2.3.1. Stem Cells and Gene Presentations in Hemmule by Immunoblotting and RNA-Seq
2.3.2. Layered Structure and Cells in Hemmule Vessels Revealed by Immunohistochemistry
2.3.3. Individual Cells Stained by Stem Cell Antibodies in Hemmule
2.3.4. Large Size Cells and Their Footprints
2.3.5. Protein Allocation in Hemmule and Vessels Revealed by Immunohistochemistry and RNA-Seq Analysis
2.3.6. Genes Related to Functional Regulation of Stem Cells in the Hemmule Found by RNA-Seq Analysis
2.3.7. Diagram of a Vessel Inside a Hemmule
3. Discussion
Hemmule as a Stem Cell Niche
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animals
4.2. Microdissection and Extraction of Hemmules
4.3. Immunohistochemistry
4.4. Western Blots
4.5. RNA Analysis
4.6. High-Resolution Fluorescent Microscopy
4.7. Statistical Analysis
4.8. Principal Component Analysis Plot
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ANOVA | Analysis of variance |
BM | Bone marrow |
BV | Blood vessel |
H | Hemmule |
LN | Lymph node |
RPKM | Reads assigned per kilobase per million mapped reads |
References
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Antibody | Layer 1 1 | Layer 2 2 | Layer 3 3 | Layer 4 4 | Inside 5 | Large Cells 6 | Footprints 7 | Scattered 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
α-Actin | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Actin | − | + | + | + | + | + | − | + |
CD146 | − | + | − | +− | + | −+ | −+ | − |
CD90 | − | −+ | − | − | + | − | − | + |
CD133 | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | + |
CD150 | − | + | − | +− | + | − | − | + |
Collagen-1 | + | − | − | +− | + | − | − | − |
Fibronectin | + | + | − | − | − | + | − | − |
LYVE-1 | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − |
Nanog | + | + | − | − | + | − | − | + |
OCT4 | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | + |
RECA-1 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
REXO1 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + |
SOX2 | −+ | + | − | +− | − | +− | + | + |
SSEA-1 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + |
vWF | − | + | − | − | + | − | − | + |
Gene | H | BM | Protein | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
RPKM | RPKM | |||
Cald1 | 52.00 | 54.23 | Caldesmon 1 | [64] |
Mybph | 0.902 | 0.629 | Myosin binding protein | [65] |
Myh11 | 0.846 | 0.538 | Myosin, heavy chain 11, smooth muscle | [66] |
Acta2 | 15.61 | 10.842 | Actin, alpha 2, smooth muscle, aorta | [67] |
Actg2 | 0.409 | 0.083 | Actin, gamma 2, smooth muscle, enteric | [68] |
Cnn3 | 44.46 | 57.44 | Calponin 3 | [68] |
Kptn | 2.650 | 0.26 | Kaptin (actin binding protein) | [68] |
Gsn | 15.650 | 29.215 | Gelsolin | [68] |
Eln | 7.223 | 1.427 | Elastin | [68] |
Col4a1 | 7.223 | 4.451 | Collagen type IV alpha 1 chain | [68] |
Col4a2 | 3.880 | 2.974 | Collagen type IV alpha 2 chain | [68] |
Gene | BV | BM | LN | H | Protein |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tek | 1.90 | 3.50 | 0.46 | 2.42 | TEK receptor tyrosine kinase, TIE2 |
Cdh2 | 1.14 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 1.06 | N-cadherin |
Kdr | 3.11 | 2.90 | 1.04 | 2.96 | Vegfr-2, vascular endothelial growth factor |
Notch1 | 0.91 | 0.74 | 0.90 | 0.84 | Notch signaling protein |
Myc | 3.69 | 7.14 | 21.6 | 3.93 | Myelocytomatosis oncogene protein |
Krcc1 | 22.8 | 67.6 | 21.6 | 28.4 | P21—cyclin-dependent-kinase |
Ctnnb1 | 50.8 | 79.8 | 9.90 | 56.4 | β-catenin |
Cxcl12 | 361 | 516 | 11.7 | 463 | Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 |
Scf | 16.1 | 13.9 | 0.35 | 18.2 | Ligand of the tyrosine-kinase receptor |
Tgf-β1 | 29.3 | 62.1 | 32.5 | 36.7 | Transforming growth factor beta-1 |
Gfap | 0.72 | 1.1 | 0.13 | 0.75 | Glial fibrillary acidic protein |
Cxcl4 | 265 | 796 | 6.1 | 204 | Platelet factor 4 |
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Vodyanoy, V.; Pustovyy, O.; Globa, L.; Kulesza, R.J., Jr.; Sorokulova, I. Hemmule: A Novel Structure with the Properties of the Stem Cell Niche. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 539. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020539
Vodyanoy V, Pustovyy O, Globa L, Kulesza RJ Jr., Sorokulova I. Hemmule: A Novel Structure with the Properties of the Stem Cell Niche. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(2):539. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020539
Chicago/Turabian StyleVodyanoy, Vitaly, Oleg Pustovyy, Ludmila Globa, Randy J. Kulesza, Jr., and Iryna Sorokulova. 2020. "Hemmule: A Novel Structure with the Properties of the Stem Cell Niche" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 2: 539. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020539