The Role of Alpha-Synuclein and Other Parkinson’s Genes in Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders
Abstract
:1. Introduction of Clinical Aspects of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs)
2. Overlapping Clinical Motor and Behavioral Phenomenology between ASD and PD
3. Genes Linked to Neurodegenerative Diseases Also Play a Role in Neurodevelopmental Disorders
3.1. PARK2 Copy Number Variants in PD and ASD and its Substrate GPR37 Are Linked to Autism
3.2. 22q11.2 Deletion/Di George Syndrome Linked to Parkinsonism
3.3. FMR1 Intermediate CGG Repeat Expansion Causes Autism and FXTAS/Parkinsonism
3.4. SNCA Genomic Region (4q22.1) Is a Multiplication/Deletion Syndrome for PD and ASD
3.5. Four PD-Associated Genes Are Linked with Neurodevelopmental Disorders
4. Physiological Function of α-syn
5. α-syn Knockout Mouse Models
5.1. α-Syn KO Model Accelerates the Recovery of Synaptic Vesicle Release
5.2. Double Synuclein KO Models Show Compensatory Increase of β- or γ-Syn
5.3. Triple SYN-KO Models Display Smaller Synapses
5.4. Syn-KOs Have Learning and Memory Deficits, Hyperdopaminergic-Like Behavior, and Resistance to MPTP
5.5. Overall Findings of α-Syn Murine Models
6. α-Syn Expression in the Developing Brain
6.1. α-Syn in Murine Development
6.2. α-Syn in Human Neurodevelopment
6.3. α-Syn Overexpression or Lack of α-Syn Impairs Adult Neurogenesis
7. Key Concepts and Future Directions: Synaptic Dysregulation and Impaired Neurogenesis Are Common Links between LBD and ASD
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
5-HT | 5-hydroxytryptamine, serotonin |
ADHD | Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder |
ACMG | American College of Medical Genetics |
AGP | Autism Genome Project |
ArgK | Arginine kinase |
ASD | Autism spectrum disorder |
CGH | Comparative genomic hybridization |
CNV | Copy number variant |
COMT | Catechol-O-methyltransferase |
CSPα | Cysteine-string protein alpha |
DAT | Dopamine transporter, SLC6A3 |
DLB | Dementia with Lewy bodies |
DOPAC | 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid |
DRG | Dorsal root ganglia |
ENT | Entopeduncular nucleus |
FC | Frontal cortex |
FMR1 | Fragile X mental retardation 1, FMRP Translational Regulator 1 |
FXPOI | Fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency |
FXS | Fragile X syndrome |
FXTAS | Fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome |
GP | Globus pallidus |
GPR37 | Parkin-associated endothelin-receptor like receptor, Pael-R |
GWAS | Genome-wide association studies |
HC | Hippocampus |
HVA | Homovanillic acid, catecholamine metabolite |
ICB | Impulse control behavior |
IHC | Immunohistochemistry |
KO | Knock-out |
LBD | Lewy body disease |
LCR | Low copy repeat |
LDLR | Low-density lipoprotein receptor |
L-Dopa | Levodopa, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine |
LRP6 | Related protein 6 |
MECP 2 | Methyl-CpG Binding Protein 2 |
Mmrn1 | Multimerin 1 |
MPTP | Methyl-phenyl-tetrahydropyridine |
MSA | Multiple system atrophy |
mTOR | Mammalian target of rapamycin |
NAHR | Non-allelic homologous recombination |
nDA | Dopaminergic nigral neurons |
NLGN | Neuroligin |
NPC | Neural precursors cells |
NRXN | Neurexin |
OCD | Obsessive-compulsive disorders |
PARK2 | Parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase, PRKN |
PC | Posterior cortex |
PD | Parkinson’s disease |
PDD | Parkinson’s disease dementia |
PKM 2 | Pyruvate kinase isozymes M2 |
PSP | Progressive supranuclear palsy |
RdhB | Reductive dehalogenase anchoring protein |
SHANK | Multiple Ankyrin Repeat Domains |
SN | Substantia nigra |
SNARE | Soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor proteins |
SNCA | Alpha-synuclein gene |
SNP | Single nucleotide polymorphism |
SNpc | Substantia nigra pars compacta |
SSV | Small structural variants |
SYT11 | Synaptotagmin XI |
TH | Tyrosine hydroxylase |
TSC1/2 | Tuberous Sclerosis 1/2 Protein |
UCSC | University of California Santa Cruz |
VAMP2 | Vesicle-associated membrane protein-2, synaptobrevin-2 |
VEN | Von Economo neurons |
VMAT2 | Vesicular monoamine transporter |
VPS35,VPS4 | Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 35 and 4 |
VTA | Ventral tegmental area |
α-syn | Alpha-synuclein protein |
α-Syn-KO | Alpha-synuclein knockout model |
β-syn | Beta-synuclein |
γ-syn | Gamma-synuclein |
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Morato Torres, C.A.; Wassouf, Z.; Zafar, F.; Sastre, D.; Outeiro, T.F.; Schüle, B. The Role of Alpha-Synuclein and Other Parkinson’s Genes in Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 5724. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165724
Morato Torres CA, Wassouf Z, Zafar F, Sastre D, Outeiro TF, Schüle B. The Role of Alpha-Synuclein and Other Parkinson’s Genes in Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(16):5724. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165724
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorato Torres, C. Alejandra, Zinah Wassouf, Faria Zafar, Danuta Sastre, Tiago Fleming Outeiro, and Birgitt Schüle. 2020. "The Role of Alpha-Synuclein and Other Parkinson’s Genes in Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 16: 5724. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165724