1. Introduction
Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is relatively rare, accounting for 5%–10% of all urothelial carcinomas [
1,
2]. The natural history of UTUC differs from that of urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma (UBC); patients with UTUC often present with invasion or metastases at diagnosis and have a poorer prognosis than those with UBC [
1]. While the morphology of UTUC is similar to that of UBC, phenotypical and genetic differences between the two have been reported [
2]. Increasing evidence suggests that UTUC could be considered a distinct disease entity from UBC and highlights the importance of developing optimal management strategies for this disease. Locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma, including UTUC, is an incurable disease with poor survival. Currently, the first-line therapy for UTUC includes platinum-based chemotherapy, while anti-Programmed Death 1 (PD-1) or Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor is the second-line therapy for these patients [
3]. Treatment options are limited in case of patients who show tumor progression even after platinum-based chemotherapy and/or PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor therapy.
Nectins are immunoglobulin-like transmembrane proteins that are found in the adherens junctions of cells and mediate Ca
2+-independent cell–cell adhesion via both homophilic and heterophilic trans interactions [
3]. Recent phase I and II trials demonstrated the efficacy of enfortumab vedotin (EV), which targets Nectin-4 in urothelial carcinoma patients who exhibit tumor progression after platinum chemotherapy and/or immune checkpoint inhibitors [
4,
5]. EV is an antibody-drug conjugate, comprised of the human anti-Nectin-4 antibody and monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), an anti-microtubule agent [
4]. Nectin-4 is highly expressed in urothelial, breast, lung, and pancreatic carcinomas, and EV binds to cells that express Nectin-4 with high affinity, initiating the internalization and release of MMAE in the target cells [
3]. Furthermore, patients who did not respond to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor responded to EV in these trials. Thus, EV could be a promising treatment option for patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma that progresses after treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy and/or PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor. However, Nectin-4 expression in UTUC has not been studied in detail, and to our knowledge, there are no reports on the association between the expression of Nectin-4 and PD-L1 in UTUC.
In the present study, we investigated the expression of Nectin-4 in UTUC using tissue microarray (TMA) specimens of patients with UTUC. We also studied the association between Nectin-4 protein expression and clinicopathological features or outcomes. Additionally, we also examined PD-L1 expression and its correlation with that of Nectin-4. Thus, our study could help identify patients with UTUC who may benefit from EV treatment.
3. Discussion
Given that the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors was limited in the second-line setting (the objective response rates were only 15.0–21.1% [
6,
7,
8,
9]), a new therapeutic option is eagerly expected for UTUC. In December 2019, The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved EV for treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma, who previously received PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor and/or platinum-containing chemotherapy. As EV is an antibody-drug conjugate targeting Nectin-4, the expression of Nectin-4 in cancer cells is necessary for its cytotoxic effect. In this study, we immunohistochemically analyzed the expression of Nectin-4 in UTUC and found it to be expressed in about 65.7% of the total samples.
So far, Nectin-4 has been considered to be overexpressed in several types of cancer [
3]. In urothelial carcinoma, Nectin-4 expression were detected in 434 (82.8%) of 524 bladder cancers (1+, 118 [22.5%]; 2+, 154 [29.4%]; and 3+,162 [30.9%]) [
3], and another study reported that Nectin-4 expression level (median H-score) was 290(range:14–300) in 125 UCs including 44 UTUCs (35%) [
4]. However, these Nectin-4 expression data of urothelial carcinoma were investigated predominantly in bladder cancer, and the expression status in UTUC remains unclear. Our findings indicated that UTUC might have a slightly lower rate of Nectin-4 positivity than that of UBC [
3,
4].
Overexpression of Nectin-4 is reportedly implicated in disease progression and poor prognosis in several types of cancer [
10,
11,
12,
13]. However, the prognostic significance of Nectin-4 expression has not been investigated in urothelial carcinoma, including UTUC, to date.
For the understanding of the function of Nectin-4 in cancer, Zhang et al. reported that Nectin-4 regulates Rac-1 activity by activating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway to mediate cell proliferation and migration in gallbladder carcinoma [
13]. In the present study, strong Nectin-4 expression was shown to be associated with worse progression-free survival in high-risk UTUC group. Although the benefit of adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy for patients with high-risk UTUC is still controversial [
1,
14,
15], EV may be useful as an adjuvant therapy for patients with high-risk UTUC expressing high levels of Nectin-4.
PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor and EV are FDA-approved treatments for locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma after platinum-containing chemotherapy. It would be clinically important to examine the relationship between the target proteins of each drug. Two phase III trials (IMvigor130 for atezolizumab and KEYNOTE-361 for pembrolizumab) comparing PD-L1 inhibitor with platinum-based chemotherapy in the first-line setting suggested that PD-L1 inhibitor was inferior to platinum-based chemotherapy when PD-L1 expression was low [
16,
17]. Therefore, effective treatment options for PD-L1-negative patients may be limited. FDA has limited the use of pembrolizumab or atezolizumab only for patients with PD-L1-expressing locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer who are not eligible for cisplatin-containing therapy [
17]. As 76% (75 of 99) cases of UTUC in the present study were negative for PD-L1 expression, only 24% of patients with UTUC would be eligible for the pembrolizumab or atezolizumab treatment. However, we also demonstrated Nectin-4 expression was independent of PD-L1 expression. Therefore, EV may be effective in patients with PD-L1-negative UTUC. Indeed, the EV-201 study (phase II trial) also showed a response of EV to urothelial carcinomas, irrespective of the previous response to anti–PD-1/L1 therapy [
4]. These data demonstrate the ability of EV to elicit responses across a broad range of patients with UTUC, irrespective of the PD-L1 expression level.
The present study has several limitations. First, the expression status of Nectin-4 in primary and metastatic foci may be different. Besides, UTUC specimens in the present study, which were obtained by radical nephroureterectomy, included low-risk UTUC as well. The metastatic UTUC possessing a more aggressive phenotype may exhibit higher Nectin-4 expression than that in local UTUC. Therefore, the actual response rate of EV in metastatic UTUC needs to be confirmed in future clinical studies. The association of the therapeutic effect of EV with Nectin-4 expression in UTUC also needs to be studied. Second, the differences in immunohistochemical staining methods (e.g., primary antibodies) could affect the result of Nectin-4 expression analysis. Other factors, such as the aging of TMA, could also affect the rate of Netin4 positivity. All TMA specimens in the current study were from Japanese patients; this racial difference also might affect the expression. Third, immunohistochemical analysis is a semi-quantitative evaluation method, and may not have represented the actual expression of these markers.
In conclusion, we demonstrated that Nectin-4 expression rate in UTUC was 65.7% and independent of PD-L1 expression. Strong expression of Nectin-4 was associated with worse progression-free survival in high-risk UTUC. These findings suggested that EV, an antibody-drug conjugate targeting Nectin-4, would be effective in a broad range of patients with UTUC irrespective of the PD-L1 expression level.
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Patients and Tissue Samples
The UTUC TMA was constructed with spotted triplicate urothelial tumor samples (from dominant tumors/invasive components if present) and paired normal-appearing urothelial tissues (from the renal pelvis and ureter) obtained from 99 patients with non-metastatic UTUC, who underwent radical nephroureterectomy performed at Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka between 1997 and 2011, as described previously [
18,
19,
20,
21,
22]. Appropriate approval was obtained from the local institutional review board (Osaka General Medical Center Institutional Review Board, Protocol Number: 25-2014, 19 June 2013) before construction and use of the TMA, and written informed consent was obtained from all patients.
4.2. Immunohistochemistry
Immunohistochemical staining for Nectin-4 and PD-L1 was performed on the tissue sections (5-μm-thick) from the UTUC TMA using the EnVision system (DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The tissue sections were deparaffinized using xylene and a graded series of ethanol. For Nectin-4 antigen retrieval, the sections were treated with Tris-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) buffer (pH 9.0) and steamed by placing them above boiling water for 20 min; PD-L1 antigen was retrieved by treatment with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0) at 120 °C for 10 min in a pressure cooker (Pascal; DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark). Endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked with 0.3% hydrogen peroxide for 5 min. Primary antibodies against Nectin-4 (1:3000; EPR15613-68; Abcam, Cambridge, UK) and PD-L1 (1:100; E1L3N; Cell Signalling, Danvers, MA, USA) were added and incubated overnight at 4 °C. Then, we used EnVision + System-HRP labeled polymer anti-rabbit (DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Sections were counterstained with hematoxylin, dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol, and cleared in xylene, and a coverslip was placed on them.
4.3. Scoring System
The intensity and extent of Nectin-4 expression were determined microscopically using the histochemical scoring system (H-score), which was defined as the product of the staining intensity (score, 0–3) and percentage of stained cells (0–100) at a given intensity. Specimens were then classified as negative (0; H-score, 0–14), weak (1+; H-score, 15–99), moderate (2+; H-score, 100–199), and strong (3+; H-score, 200–300).
The extent of membranous PD-L1 expression was also determined microscopically in each spot (0–100%). The average PD-L1 expression was calculated in each case and a 1% positivity cut-off was used.
4.4. Statistical Analyses
Statistical analyses were performed using JMP® Pro 14.0.0 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA), and data were visualized using GraphPad Prism version 7.05 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). Fisher’s exact test was used to evaluate the association between categorized variables. The survival rates were determined using the Kaplan–Meier method, and the log-rank test was used for comparison. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine the statistical significance of prognostic indicators in univariate and multivariate settings. p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant, and <0.1 were considered to be statistically trending.