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Volume 21
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10.3390/ijms21145003
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Review

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Harbinger of the Vicious Cycle of Diabetes

by
Emilyn U. Alejandro
1,*,
Therriz P. Mamerto
2,3,
Grace Chung
1,
Adrian Villavieja
2,3,
Nawirah Lumna Gaus
3,
Elizabeth Morgan
4 and
Maria Ruth B. Pineda-Cortel
2,3,5,*
1
Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
2
Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1015, Philippines
3
The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1015, Philippines
4
Baystate Medical Center, Baystate Health, Springfield, MA 01199, USA
5
Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1015, Philippines
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(14), 5003; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21145003
Submission received: 3 June 2020 / Revised: 7 July 2020 / Accepted: 13 July 2020 / Published: 15 July 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis of Pregnancy-Related Complications)
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Abstract

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), characterized by a transitory form of diabetes induced by insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction during pregnancy, has been identified as one of the major obstacles in achieving improved maternal and child health. Approximately 9–25% of pregnancies worldwide are impacted by the acute, long-term, and transgenerational health complications of this disease. Here, we discuss how GDM affects longstanding maternal and neonatal outcomes, as well as health risks that likely persist into future generations. In addition to the current challenges in the management and diagnosis of and the complications associated with GDM, we discuss current preclinical models of GDM to better understand the underlying pathophysiology of the disease and the timely need to increase our scientific toolbox to identify strategies to prevent and treat GDM, thereby advancing clinical care.
Keywords: gestational diabetes mellitus and diabetes; polycystic ovary syndrome; obesity; fetal programming; type 2 diabetes; hyperglycemia; glycemic control; insulin; pregnancy complications; diabetes animal models; placenta gestational diabetes mellitus and diabetes; polycystic ovary syndrome; obesity; fetal programming; type 2 diabetes; hyperglycemia; glycemic control; insulin; pregnancy complications; diabetes animal models; placenta

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MDPI and ACS Style

Alejandro, E.U.; Mamerto, T.P.; Chung, G.; Villavieja, A.; Gaus, N.L.; Morgan, E.; Pineda-Cortel, M.R.B. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Harbinger of the Vicious Cycle of Diabetes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 5003. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21145003

AMA Style

Alejandro EU, Mamerto TP, Chung G, Villavieja A, Gaus NL, Morgan E, Pineda-Cortel MRB. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Harbinger of the Vicious Cycle of Diabetes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(14):5003. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21145003

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alejandro, Emilyn U., Therriz P. Mamerto, Grace Chung, Adrian Villavieja, Nawirah Lumna Gaus, Elizabeth Morgan, and Maria Ruth B. Pineda-Cortel. 2020. "Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Harbinger of the Vicious Cycle of Diabetes" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 14: 5003. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21145003

APA Style

Alejandro, E. U., Mamerto, T. P., Chung, G., Villavieja, A., Gaus, N. L., Morgan, E., & Pineda-Cortel, M. R. B. (2020). Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Harbinger of the Vicious Cycle of Diabetes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(14), 5003. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21145003

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