Looking for a Treatment for the Early Stage of Alzheimer’s Disease: Preclinical Evidence with Co-Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide and Luteolin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Co-Ultra PEALut Prevented the Protracted Activation of Hippocampal Astrocytes and Microglia Induced by Aβ(1–42) Challenge
2.2. Co-Ultra PEALut Treatment Prevented the Aβ(1–42)-Induced Upregulation of Several Proinflammatory Genes
2.3. Co-Ultra PEALut Promoted Survival of Hippocampal Neurons Impaired by Aβ(1–42) Challenge
3. Discussion
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Animals
4.2. Surgical Procedures
4.3. Drugs and Drug Treatment
4.4. Immunofluorescence
4.5. Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR)
4.6. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Primary Antibody | Brand | Dilution | Secondary Antibody | Brand |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rabbit α-GFAP | Abcam | 1:200 5% BSA in PBS/0.25% triton X-100 | FITC conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) 1:200, 5% BSA in PBS/0.25% triton X-100 | Jackson ImmunoResearch |
Rabbit α-Iba1 | Wako | 1:1000 1% BSA in PBS/0.25% triton X-100 | FITC conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) 1:200, 0.5% BSA in PBS/0.25% triton X-100 | Jackson ImmunoResearch |
Mouse α-MAP-2 | Novus Biologicals | 1:200 5% BSA in PBS/0.25% triton X-100 | TRITC conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) 1:200, 0.5% BSA in PBS/0.25% triton X-100 | Jackson ImmunoResearch |
Gene | Primer (5’ → 3’) | Annealing (°C) | Efficiency (%) | R2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CD11b | Forward | N/A (Cod. qRnoCID0002800, Bio-Rad) | 60 | 94.0 | 0.990 |
Reverse | |||||
iNOS | Forward | N/A (Cod. qRnoCED0020417, Bio-Rad) | 60 | 98.0 | 0.999 |
Reverse | |||||
COX-2 | Forward | GATGACGAGCGACTGTTCCA | 60 | 99.7 | 0.991 |
Reverse | TGGTAACCGCTCAGGTGTTG | ||||
IL-1β | Forward | N/A (Cod. qRnoCID0004680, Bio-Rad) | 60 | 98.0 | 0.999 |
Reverse | |||||
IL-6 | Forward | N/A (Cod. qRnoCID0053166, Bio-Rad) | 60 | 94.0 | 0.998 |
Reverse | |||||
TNF-α | Forward | CCACCACGCTCTTCTGTCTA | 60 | 104.7 | 0.984 |
Reverse | CTTGTTGGGACCGATC ACCC | ||||
IL-10 | Forward | N/A (Cod. qRnoCID0005930, Bio-Rad) | 60 | 98.0 | 0.999 |
Reverse | |||||
GDNF | Forward | CACCAGATAAACAAGCGGCG | 60 | 99.8 | 0.989 |
Reverse | TCGTAGCCCAAACCCAAGTC | ||||
BDNF | Forward | GGGACTCTGGAGAGCGTGAA | 60 | 103.8 | 0.996 |
Reverse | GTCAGACCTCTCGAACCTGC | ||||
HPRT | Forward | TCCCAGCGTCGTGATTAGTGA | 60 | 98.3 | 0.992 |
Reverse | CCTTCATGACATCTCGAGCAAG | ||||
TBP | Forward | TGGGATTGTACCACAGCTCCA | 60 | 99.7 | 0.995 |
Reverse | CTCATGATGACTGCAGCAAACC |
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Facchinetti, R.; Valenza, M.; Bronzuoli, M.R.; Menegoni, G.; Ratano, P.; Steardo, L.; Campolongo, P.; Scuderi, C. Looking for a Treatment for the Early Stage of Alzheimer’s Disease: Preclinical Evidence with Co-Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide and Luteolin. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 3802. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113802
Facchinetti R, Valenza M, Bronzuoli MR, Menegoni G, Ratano P, Steardo L, Campolongo P, Scuderi C. Looking for a Treatment for the Early Stage of Alzheimer’s Disease: Preclinical Evidence with Co-Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide and Luteolin. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(11):3802. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113802
Chicago/Turabian StyleFacchinetti, Roberta, Marta Valenza, Maria Rosanna Bronzuoli, Giorgia Menegoni, Patrizia Ratano, Luca Steardo, Patrizia Campolongo, and Caterina Scuderi. 2020. "Looking for a Treatment for the Early Stage of Alzheimer’s Disease: Preclinical Evidence with Co-Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide and Luteolin" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 11: 3802. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113802