TLQP-21, A VGF-Derived Peptide Endowed of Endocrine and Extraendocrine Properties: Focus on In Vitro Calcium Signaling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. VGF and VGF-Derived Peptides
2.1. TLQP-21: A VGF-Derived Peptide
2.2. TLQP-21: Endocrine Activities
2.2.1. Lactogenic Effect
2.2.2. Effect on the Reproductive Tract
2.2.3. Effect on Endocrine Pancreas
2.2.4. Effect on the Gastrointestinal Tract
2.3. TLQP-21 Metabolic Actions
2.4. TLQP-21: Extraendocrine Activities
2.4.1. Neuroprotection
2.4.2. Stress Responses, Inflammation and Nociception
2.5. TLQP-21: Mechanism of Action
3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AFM | atomic force microscopy |
AGRP | Agouti-Related Peptide |
ALS | Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |
BDNF | Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor |
β3-AR | β3-adrenergic receptor |
C3AR-1 | complement C3a receptor-1 |
Ca2+ | calcium |
CHO | Chinese Hamster Ovary |
COX-2 | cyclooxygenase-2 |
CRAC-Orai1 | Calcium Release-Activated Calcium Channel-Orai1 |
CRH | Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone |
CSF | cerebrospinal fluid |
CSS | chronic subordination stress |
DAG | Diacylglycerol |
DRG | dorsal root ganglion |
E | epinephrine |
EE | energy expenditure |
EGF | Epidermal Growth Factor |
ER/SR | endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum |
ERK | Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase |
FGF | Fibroblast Growth Factor |
FSH | Follicle-stimulating Hormone |
GH | Growth Hormone |
GPCR | G protein-coupled receptor |
hGC | human Chorionic Gonadotropin |
HSL | Hormone-Sensitive Lipase |
i.c.v. | Intra-cerebro-ventricular |
IL-6 | interleukin-6 |
IP | inositol phosphate |
IP3 | Inositol Triphosphate |
IP3R | inositol-3-phosphate receptor |
i.v. | intravenous |
KO | knock-out |
LH | Luteinizing Hormone |
LOX | lipoxygenase |
MCH | Melanin-Concentrating Hormone |
MAPK | Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase |
NCX | Sodium-Calcium Exchanger |
NE | norepinephrine |
NGF | Nerve Growth Factor |
NT-3 | Neurotrophin-3 |
NPY | Neuropeptide Y |
Orai1 | Calcium Release-Activated Calcium Channel Protein 1 |
PC | prohormone convertase |
PLC | Phospholipase C |
PG | prostaglandin |
PKC | Protein kinase C |
PNS and CNS | Peripheral and Central Nervous Systems |
PM | plasma membrane |
PMCA | Plasma Membrane Calcium ATPase |
POMC | Proopiomelanocortin |
PPAR-δ | Peroxisome Proliferative Activated Receptor δ |
PRL | prolactin |
PTX | pertussis toxin |
RyR | ryanodine receptor |
RS | restraint stress |
s.c. | subcutaneous |
SERCA | Sarco-Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase |
SOC | Store-Operated Calcium |
SOCE | Store-Operated Ca2+ Entry |
SOD1 | Superoxide Dismutase-1 |
STIM | Stromal Interaction Molecule |
TG | triglycerides |
TP | thapsigargine |
TRPC | Transient Receptor Potential Channels |
UCP-1 | Uncoupling Protein 1 |
VGCs | Voltage-gated ion channels |
WAT | White Adipose Tissue |
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Name | Fragment | Espression | Potential Role | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
VGF | 0–617 | Hypothalamus Hippocampus Amygdala Thalamus Cerebral Cortex Pituitary Adrenal Medulla Gut Pancreas | Energy balance Reproduction Momory Learning Depression | Lewis J.E.; et al.; 2015 |
NERP-1 | 281–306 | Hypothalamus Thyroid Gastric Antrum | Inhibitory modulators of vasopressin relaease | Toshinai K.; et al.; 2009 |
NERP-2 | 310–347 | Hypothalamus Thyroid Pancreas Gastric antrum | Inhibitory modulators of vasopressin relaease Stimulator offeeding behavior | Toshinai K.; et al.; 2009 |
Enhancer of glucose-stimulated insulinsecretion | Moin A.S.; 2012 | |||
Increased gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying | Namkoong C.;et al.; 2017 | |||
TLQP-62 | 556–617 | Hypothalamus Hippocampus | Enhanced synaptic activity | Alder J.; et al.; 2003 |
Effects on spontaneous excitability of superficial dorsal horn neurons | Moss A.; 2008 | |||
Antidepressant effects | Hunsberger J.G.; et al.; 2007 | |||
Spinal plasticity | Skorput A.G.J.; et al.; 2018;. | |||
Long-term memory formation | Lin W.-J. et al.; 2015 | |||
AQUEE-30 | 588–617 | Pituitary | In vitro neuroprotective effects | Noda Y.; et al.; 2019 |
Enhanced synaptic activity | Alder J.; et al.; 2003 | |||
Antidepressant effects | Humsberger J.G.; et al.; 2007 | |||
Pro-nociceptive and hyperalgesic functions | Riedl M.S.; et al.; 2009 | |||
Thermal hyperalgesia | Riedl M.S.; et al.; 2009 | |||
LQEQ-19 | 599–617 | Thalamus cerebral cortex | In vitro neuroprotective effects | Noda Y.; et al.; 2019 |
Pro-nociceptive and hyperalgestc functions | Riedl M.S.; 2009 | |||
Thermal hyperalgesia | Riedl M.S.; 2009 |
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Bresciani, E.; Possenti, R.; Coco, S.; Rizzi, L.; Meanti, R.; Molteni, L.; Locatelli, V.; Torsello, A. TLQP-21, A VGF-Derived Peptide Endowed of Endocrine and Extraendocrine Properties: Focus on In Vitro Calcium Signaling. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010130
Bresciani E, Possenti R, Coco S, Rizzi L, Meanti R, Molteni L, Locatelli V, Torsello A. TLQP-21, A VGF-Derived Peptide Endowed of Endocrine and Extraendocrine Properties: Focus on In Vitro Calcium Signaling. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(1):130. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010130
Chicago/Turabian StyleBresciani, Elena, Roberta Possenti, Silvia Coco, Laura Rizzi, Ramona Meanti, Laura Molteni, Vittorio Locatelli, and Antonio Torsello. 2020. "TLQP-21, A VGF-Derived Peptide Endowed of Endocrine and Extraendocrine Properties: Focus on In Vitro Calcium Signaling" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 1: 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010130