A Symphony of Signals: Intercellular and Intracellular Signaling Mechanisms Underlying Circadian Timekeeping in Mice and Flies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Neuromodulation of Entrainment of the Mammalian Central Pacemaker
2.1. Transmission of Photic Information to the SCN: The Role of Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides
2.1.1. Glutamate
2.1.2. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP)
2.1.3. Gamma-Aminobutyic Acid (GABA)
2.1.4. Serotonin (5-hydroxy-tryptamine)
2.1.5. Acetylcholine
2.1.6. Glycine
2.1.7. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)
2.1.8. Gastrin-Releasing Peptide (GRP)
2.2. Protein Kinases Implicated in the Regulation of Photic Entrainment of the SCN
2.2.1. Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases (ERK), Downstream Effector Kinases and Upstream Regulators
2.2.2. Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR)
2.2.3. c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinases (JNK)
2.2.4. p38 MAPK
2.2.5. Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II (CaMKII)
2.2.6. cAMP-Activated Protein Kinase (PKA)
2.2.7. Protein Kinase C (PKC)
2.2.8. cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase (PKG)
2.2.9. Salt-Inducible Kinases (SIKs)
2.2.10. Casein Kinase 1 (CK1)
2.2.11. Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 (GSK3)
2.2.12. G-protein Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 (GRK2)
3. Neuromodulation of Circadian Timekeeping and Synchrony within the SCN
3.1. The Role of Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides
3.1.1. GABA
3.1.2. VIP
3.1.3. Arginine Vasopressin (AVP)
3.1.4. GRP
3.1.5. Prokineticin 2
3.2. Protein Kinases that Modulate Circadian Period
3.2.1. CK1
3.2.2. Casein Kinase 2 (CK2)
3.2.3. GSK3
4. Neuromodulation in the Drosophila Pacemaker
4.1. Neuropeptides
4.1.1. Pigment Dispersing Factor (PDF)
4.1.2. Neuropeptide F (NPF) and Small NPF (sNPF)
4.1.3. Ion Transport Peptide (ITP)
4.1.4. Diuretic Hormone 31 (DH31)
4.1.5. CChamide 1
4.1.6. Allatostatin-C (AstC)
4.1.7. IPNamide
4.2. Neurotransmitters
4.2.1. Glutamate
4.2.2. GABA
4.2.3. Serotonin
4.2.4. Acetylcholine
4.2.5. Glycine
5. Protein Kinases Implicated in Circadian Timekeeping in Drosophila
5.1. Doubletime (DBT)
5.2. CK2
5.3. Shaggy/GSK3
5.4. NEMO/NLK
5.5. PKA
5.6. p38 MAPK
5.7. Ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK)
5.8. Ras/MAPK
5.9. TOR
5.10. AMPK/SIK3
5.11. GPRK2
6. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hegazi, S.; Lowden, C.; Rios Garcia, J.; Cheng, A.H.; Obrietan, K.; Levine, J.D.; Cheng, H.-Y.M. A Symphony of Signals: Intercellular and Intracellular Signaling Mechanisms Underlying Circadian Timekeeping in Mice and Flies. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 2363. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092363
Hegazi S, Lowden C, Rios Garcia J, Cheng AH, Obrietan K, Levine JD, Cheng H-YM. A Symphony of Signals: Intercellular and Intracellular Signaling Mechanisms Underlying Circadian Timekeeping in Mice and Flies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(9):2363. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092363
Chicago/Turabian StyleHegazi, Sara, Christopher Lowden, Julian Rios Garcia, Arthur H. Cheng, Karl Obrietan, Joel D. Levine, and Hai-Ying Mary Cheng. 2019. "A Symphony of Signals: Intercellular and Intracellular Signaling Mechanisms Underlying Circadian Timekeeping in Mice and Flies" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 9: 2363. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092363