Epigenetic Effects of n-3 LCPUFAs: A Role in Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Topic of Review
3. Biochemistry and Biologic Function of LCPUFA
4. Metabolic Syndrome in Children
5. Impact of LCPUFA on MetS Features during Lifetime
5.1. Evidence in Adults
5.2. Trials in Children
5.3. Supplementation in Pregnancy and Early Life
6. Epigenetic Mechanisms of n-3 LCPUFAs Possibly Involved in MetS Pathways
6.1. Non-Coding RNA/miRNA
6.2. Histone Acetylation
6.3. DNA Methylation
7. Materials and Methods
8. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
LCPUFAs | Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids |
MetS | Metabolic Syndrome |
FAs | Fatty Acids |
WHO | World Health Organization |
DHA | Docosahexaenoic Acid |
EPA | Eicosapentaenoic Acid |
ALA | Alpha Linolenic Acid |
CVD | Cardiovascular Diseases |
LDL | Low-Density Lipoprotein |
HDL | High-Density Lipoprotein |
RCT | Randomized Controlled Trials |
PPAR | Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor |
BMI | Body Mass Index |
HOMA-IR | Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance |
DMRs | Differentially-Methylated Regions |
NcRNAs | Non-coding RNAs |
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Common Name | Lipid Number | Systematic Nomenclature |
---|---|---|
α-Linolenic Acid (ALA) | 18:3 (n-3) | all-cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid |
Stearidonic Acid (SDA) | 18:4 (n-3) | all-cis-6,9,12,15-octadecatetraenoic acid |
Eicosatetraenoic Acid (ETA) | 20:4 (n-3) | all-cis-8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic acid |
Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) | 20:5 (n-3) | all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid |
Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) | 22:5 (n-3) | all-cis-7,10,13,16,19-docosapentaenoic acid |
Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) | 22:6 (n-3) | all-cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid |
Common Name | Lipid Number | Systematic Nomenclature |
---|---|---|
Linoleic Acid (LA) | 18:2 (n−6) | all-cis-9,12-octadecadienoic acid |
γ -Linolenic Acid (GLA) | 18:3 (n−6) | all-cis-6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid |
Dihomo-γ-Linolenic Acid (DGLA) | 20:3 (n−6) | all-cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid |
Arachidonic Acid (AA, ARA) | 20:4 (n−6) | all-cis-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid |
Adrenic acid (ADA) | 22:4 (n−6) | all-cis-7,10,13,16-docosatetraenoic acid |
Biological Process | Epigenetic Target | Mechanism | Effect |
---|---|---|---|
Adipogenesis | miRNA-143 target of PPARγ in adipocyte differentiation stimulator | increase miRNA-143 | regulation of adipogenesis and obesity |
Vascular inflammation | miRNA-21, miRNA-125a, mi-RNA146a, miR-146b, miRNA-155 targets of TLR signaling | decrease miRNAs | modulator of vascular inflammation |
Population | Genes Involved | Biological Function |
---|---|---|
Greek adolescents with different fat dietary intake [89] | NCOA1, PDE3A | susceptibility to diet-induced obesity, leptin pathway |
Newborns from DHA-supplemented pregnant women in Mexico [92] | IGF2P3H19 | fetal growth, development, and metabolism |
Children of DHA-supplemented pregnant women (at birth and at 5 years) [93] | ESYT3, SLC12A6, CCK, RAET1L, LTB | lipid membrane exchange, plasma membrane function, appetite regulation, immune function, neurodevelopment |
DHA-supplemented overweight and obese adults in Canada [91] | AKT3, PTEN, BAX, etc. IGFBP5, KLK6, etc. PRKAG2, PRKCZ, HDAC4, PRKAG2 | immune response lipid metabolism type 2 diabetes CV signaling |
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Amatruda, M.; Ippolito, G.; Vizzuso, S.; Vizzari, G.; Banderali, G.; Verduci, E. Epigenetic Effects of n-3 LCPUFAs: A Role in Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 2118. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092118
Amatruda M, Ippolito G, Vizzuso S, Vizzari G, Banderali G, Verduci E. Epigenetic Effects of n-3 LCPUFAs: A Role in Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(9):2118. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092118
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmatruda, Matilde, Giulio Ippolito, Sara Vizzuso, Giulia Vizzari, Giuseppe Banderali, and Elvira Verduci. 2019. "Epigenetic Effects of n-3 LCPUFAs: A Role in Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 9: 2118. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092118