Age-Associated Changes in the Immune System and Blood–Brain Barrier Functions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Changes in the Immune System with Aging
2.1. Age-Associated Changes in the Adaptive Immune System
2.2. Age-Associated Changes in the Innate Immune System
2.3. Age-Associated Changes in the Microbiome
2.4. Age-Associated Changes in Peripheral Tissue Microenvironments and the Circulation
3. Age-Associated Changes in Neuroimmune Functions
3.1. Altered Neuroimmune Phenotypes with Aging
3.2. Altered Neuroimmune Responses to Stimuli with Aging
4. The BBB as an Interface for Neuroimmune Communication
4.1. Anatomical, Cellular, and Subcellular Organization of Brain Barriers
4.1.1. The Vascular BBB
4.1.2. The Epithelial BCSFB
4.2. Neuroimmune Axes of the BBB
5. Neuroimmune Mechanisms of Age-Associated Changes at the BBB
5.1. Changes in Brain Barrier Function with Aging
5.1.1. Brain Barrier Disruption
5.1.2. Transporter Dysfunctions and Altered Signaling at Brain Barriers with Aging
5.1.3. Interactions of Age-Associated Circulating Factors with Brain Barriers
5.1.4. Age-Associated Changes in Inflammatory Signaling at the Choroid Plexus
5.1.5. Immune Cell Trafficking
5.2. Effects of Aging on BBB Responses to Immune Stimuli
5.3. Interactions of the BBB with the Aging Microbiome
5.4. Effects of Aging on Non-Endothelial Cells of the Neurovascular Unit
6. The BBB in Age-Associated Neurological Diseases
6.1. Alzheimer’s Disease
6.2. Depression
6.3. Metabolic Syndrome
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Erickson, M.A.; Banks, W.A. Age-Associated Changes in the Immune System and Blood–Brain Barrier Functions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 1632. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071632
Erickson MA, Banks WA. Age-Associated Changes in the Immune System and Blood–Brain Barrier Functions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(7):1632. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071632
Chicago/Turabian StyleErickson, Michelle A., and William A. Banks. 2019. "Age-Associated Changes in the Immune System and Blood–Brain Barrier Functions" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 7: 1632. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071632