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Volume 20
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Article

The Genetic Background of Mice Influences the Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Onset and Severity of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

by
Gaby Enzmann
1,
Roberto Adelfio
1,
Aurélie Godel
1,2,3,
Neda Haghayegh Jahromi
1,
Silvia Tietz
1,
Sabrina S. Burgener
2,3,
Urban Deutsch
1,
Hartmut Wekerle
4,
Charaf Benarafa
2,3,* and
Britta Engelhardt
1,*
1
Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
2
Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
3
Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
4
Max-Planck-Institute for Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(6), 1433; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061433
Submission received: 31 January 2019 / Revised: 15 March 2019 / Accepted: 19 March 2019 / Published: 21 March 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Molecular Mechanisms in Multiple Sclerosis)
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Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) in young adults leading to severe disability. Besides genetic traits, environmental factors contribute to MS pathogenesis. Cigarette smoking increases the risk of MS in an HLA-dependent fashion, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we explored the effect of cigarette smoke exposure on spontaneous and induced models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by evaluating clinical disease and, when relevant, blood leukocytes and histopathology. In the relapsing-remitting (RR) transgenic model in SJL/J mice, we observed very low incidence in both smoke-exposed and control groups. In the optico-spinal encephalomyelitis (OSE) double transgenic model in C57BL/6 mice, the early onset of EAE prevented a meaningful evaluation of the effects of cigarette smoke. In EAE models induced by immunization, daily exposure to cigarette smoke caused a delayed onset of EAE followed by a protracted disease course in SJL/J mice. In contrast, cigarette smoke exposure ameliorated the EAE clinical score in C57BL/6J mice. Our exploratory studies therefore show that genetic background influences the effects of cigarette smoke on autoimmune neuroinflammation. Importantly, our findings expose the challenge of identifying an animal model for studying the influence of cigarette smoke in MS.
Keywords: tobacco smoke; risk factor; multiple sclerosis; spontaneous experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; and induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis tobacco smoke; risk factor; multiple sclerosis; spontaneous experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; and induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Enzmann, G.; Adelfio, R.; Godel, A.; Haghayegh Jahromi, N.; Tietz, S.; Burgener, S.S.; Deutsch, U.; Wekerle, H.; Benarafa, C.; Engelhardt, B. The Genetic Background of Mice Influences the Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Onset and Severity of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 1433. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061433

AMA Style

Enzmann G, Adelfio R, Godel A, Haghayegh Jahromi N, Tietz S, Burgener SS, Deutsch U, Wekerle H, Benarafa C, Engelhardt B. The Genetic Background of Mice Influences the Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Onset and Severity of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(6):1433. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061433

Chicago/Turabian Style

Enzmann, Gaby, Roberto Adelfio, Aurélie Godel, Neda Haghayegh Jahromi, Silvia Tietz, Sabrina S. Burgener, Urban Deutsch, Hartmut Wekerle, Charaf Benarafa, and Britta Engelhardt. 2019. "The Genetic Background of Mice Influences the Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Onset and Severity of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 6: 1433. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061433

APA Style

Enzmann, G., Adelfio, R., Godel, A., Haghayegh Jahromi, N., Tietz, S., Burgener, S. S., Deutsch, U., Wekerle, H., Benarafa, C., & Engelhardt, B. (2019). The Genetic Background of Mice Influences the Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Onset and Severity of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(6), 1433. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061433

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