Natural Polysaccharide Nanomaterials: An Overview of Their Immunological Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Natural Polysaccharides and Polysaccharide Nanomaterials
2.1. Starch
2.2. Cellulose
2.3. Chitin and Chitosan
2.4. Seaweed Derived Carrageenan and Alginate
3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Origin | Polysaccharide |
---|---|
Plants | Starch, cellulose, glucomannan, pectin, hemicellulose, gums, mucilage |
Algae | Agar, galactans, alginates, carrageenans |
Animals | Chitin, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, glycosaminoglycans, cellulose |
Bacteria | Dextran, levan, polygalactosamine, gellan, xanthan, cellulose |
Fungal | Elsinan, chitin, chitosan, pollulan, yeast glucans |
Cellulose Nano-Object | Diameter (nm) | Length (nm) | Aspect Ratio | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cellulose microfibers | 10–40 | >1000 | 100–150 | [69,70] |
Cellulose nanofibers | 4–10 | ~200 | 50–20 | [71] |
Cellulose nanowhiskers | 2–20 | 100–600 | 10–100 | [21,72,73] |
Bacterial cellulose nanofibers | 100 | - | - | [62] |
Cellulose nanoparticles | 50–300 | - | - | [74,75] |
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Torres, F.G.; Troncoso, O.P.; Pisani, A.; Gatto, F.; Bardi, G. Natural Polysaccharide Nanomaterials: An Overview of Their Immunological Properties. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 5092. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205092
Torres FG, Troncoso OP, Pisani A, Gatto F, Bardi G. Natural Polysaccharide Nanomaterials: An Overview of Their Immunological Properties. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(20):5092. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205092
Chicago/Turabian StyleTorres, Fernando G., Omar P. Troncoso, Anissa Pisani, Francesca Gatto, and Giuseppe Bardi. 2019. "Natural Polysaccharide Nanomaterials: An Overview of Their Immunological Properties" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 20: 5092. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205092