A Diet Rich in Fish Oil and Leucine Ameliorates Hypercalcemia in Tumour-Induced Cachectic Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effect of Leucine and Fish Oil in Vivo in Experiment A,B
2.1.1. Calcium Levels and Their Correlation with Carcass Mass, Organ Masses and EDL Muscle Function.
2.1.2. Plasma PGE-2 and Tumour PTHrP
2.2. Effect of Leucine and Fish Oil in Vitro in Experiment C–E
2.2.1. Supplementation of C26 Cells with Nutritional Components used in Vivo in Experiment C,D
2.2.2. Possible Involvement of COX-2 in the Effect of Fish Oil in Experiment E
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. In Vivo Experiments
3.1.1. Animals and Experimental Diets
3.1.2. Experimental Protocol
3.1.3. Plasma PGE-2 and Tumour PTHrP in Experiment A
3.1.4. Plasma Calcium in Experiment A,B
3.2. In Vitro Experiments
3.2.1. Culture of Murine C26 Cells
3.2.2. PTHrP and PGE-2 Production upon Supplementation of C26 cells with DHA, EPA, Leucine and CXB
3.2.3. Viability and Cytotoxicity
3.3. Statistics
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
COX-2 | cyclooxygenase-2 |
CXB | Celecoxib |
DHA | docosahexaenoic acid |
EPA | eicosapentaenoic acid |
IL-6 | interleukin 6 |
PGE-2 | prostaglandin E2 |
PTHrP | parathyroid hormone related protein |
SNC | specific nutritional combination |
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Pearson Correlation Coefficients with Plasma Ca2+ Levels | Experiment A | Experiment B |
---|---|---|
M. tibialis anterior | −0.640 ** | −0.705 ** |
M. extensor digitorum longus | −0.498 ** | −0.628 ** |
M. soleus | −0.579 ** | −0.603 ** |
M. gastrocnemius | −0.623 ** | −0.772 ** |
Epididymal fat pad | −0.659 ** | −0.783 ** |
Spleen | 0.552 ** | 0.695 ** |
Kidney | −0.409 ** | −0.635 ** |
Liver | −0.480 ** | −0.527 ** |
Intestine | 0.243 * | 0.141 |
Thymus | −0.701 ** | −0.561 ** |
Heart | −0.338 ** | −0.743 ** |
Lung | 0.355 ** | 0.098 |
Pearson Correlation Coefficients with Plasma Ca2+ Levels | R Interval |
---|---|
Maximal force | −0.81 to −0.83 ** |
Maximum contraction velocity | −0.74 to −0.82 ** |
Maximum relaxation velocity | −0.78 to −0.85 ** |
Maximal force corrected for muscle mass | −0.47 to −0.53 * |
Maximal contraction velocity corrected for muscle mass | −0.42 to −0.66 * |
Maximal relaxation velocity corrected for muscle mass | −0.38 to −0.60 # |
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Plas, R.L.C.; Poland, M.; Faber, J.; Argilès, J.; van Dijk, M.; Laviano, A.; Meijerink, J.; Witkamp, R.F.; van Helvoort, A.; van Norren, K. A Diet Rich in Fish Oil and Leucine Ameliorates Hypercalcemia in Tumour-Induced Cachectic Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 4978. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20204978
Plas RLC, Poland M, Faber J, Argilès J, van Dijk M, Laviano A, Meijerink J, Witkamp RF, van Helvoort A, van Norren K. A Diet Rich in Fish Oil and Leucine Ameliorates Hypercalcemia in Tumour-Induced Cachectic Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(20):4978. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20204978
Chicago/Turabian StylePlas, Rogier L.C., Mieke Poland, Joyce Faber, Josep Argilès, Miriam van Dijk, Alessandro Laviano, Jocelijn Meijerink, Renger F. Witkamp, Ardy van Helvoort, and Klaske van Norren. 2019. "A Diet Rich in Fish Oil and Leucine Ameliorates Hypercalcemia in Tumour-Induced Cachectic Mice" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 20: 4978. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20204978