Hair-Growth Potential of Ginseng and Its Major Metabolites: A Review on Its Molecular Mechanisms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Biochemical Basis of Hair-Growth Promotion by Ginseng
2.1. Prevention of Radiation-Induced Skin Damage
2.2. Antiaging Effects of Ginsenosides
2.3. Modulation of TGF-β Signaling
2.4. Inhibition of 5α-Reductase Enzyme
2.5. Modulation of Wnt/Dickkopf Homologue 1 (DKK1) Signaling
2.6. Modulation of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) Signaling
2.7. Modulation of JAK2-STAT3 Signaling
2.8. Activation of Dermal Papillary Cell Proliferation
3. Evidence from In Vivo Animal Studies
4. Human Clinical Studies
5. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Study Model | Dosage | Action Mechanism | Target | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fructus panax | Human hair dermal papilla cells | 0.8, 4, 20, 100, 500 μg/mL | FPG elicited the proliferation of DPC by the upregulation of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 accompanied by the inhibition of apoptotic Bax expression | Apoptosis | [4] |
ginseng extract (FPG) (95% EtOH) | Male six-week-old C57BL/6 mice | 1 mg/mL | |||
Ginsenoside Re | Male six-week-old C57BL/6 mice | 1 or 5 mg/d | Ginsenoside Re is the effective constituent in Panax ginseng that promotes hair growth through inhibition of transition related TGF-β signaling pathways. | TGF | [5] |
Cultured C57BL/6 mouse HFs | 10 or 50 mg/L | ||||
HeLa cells | 10 mg/L | ||||
Polyacetylenes isolated from P. ginseng | Neurotrophin receptor-binding inhibition assay | sample solution (10, 30, and 100 μM) | Inhibits BDNF-TrkB binding. | Growth | [6] |
Ginsenoside F2 | Human hair dermal papilla cells | 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μM | (1) Stimulates proliferation of HHDPC and HaCaT; (2) increases β-catenin and Lef-1 expression and decreases DKK-1 expression in HHDPC; (3) hair anagen induction and acceleration of hair growth in mouse model; (4) increases β-catenin expression and decreases DKK-1 expression in mouse tissue. | WNT | [7] |
Human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells | |||||
Male six-week-old C57BL/6 mice | 0. 5 and 2.5 mg/kg | ||||
Root of PG extract (70% EtOH) | Human ORS keratinocytes | 20 ppm | PG extract may enhance ORS and hDPC stimulation of hair follicle growth despite the presence of DKK-1, a strong catagen inducer | WNT | [29] |
Anagen HFs from human scalp-skin specimens | |||||
Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) | Human (patients diagnosed with AA) | Treated with corticosteroid ILI while taking KRG | KRG can result in improved hair regrowth in AA patients. | [20] | |
KRG extract | Follicular keratinocytes (FKCs) | 0~1000 μg/mL | KRG may protect against 4-HC-induced premature dystrophy as it occurs in CIA in vivo. Possible mechanisms include the stimulation of hair matrix keratinocyte proliferation and inhibition of hair matrix keratinocyte apoptosis, which are possibly mediated through modulation of p53 and Bax/Bcl-2 expression. | Apotosis | [21] |
Human anagen hair follicles | 500 μg/mL | ||||
Red ginseng extract (RGE) | Six-week-old female C57BL/6 mice | 3% | RGE and its ginsenosides may enhance hDPC proliferation, activate the ERK and AKT/PKB signaling pathways in hDPCs, upregulate hair matrix keratinocyte proliferation, and inhibit DHT-induced androgen receptor transcription. | Growth 5aR | [16] |
RGE, insenoside-Rb1 | Human hair follicles | 100 μg/mL | |||
Red ginseng oil (RGO) | C57BL/6 mice | RGO 10% | Upregulates Wnt/-catenin and Shh/Gli pathways-mediated expression of genes such as β-catenin, Lef-1, Sonic hedgehog, Smoothened, Gli-1, Cyclin D1, and Cyclin E in TES-treated mice. RGO and its major components reduce the protein level of TGF-β but enhance the expression of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. | WNT Shh Growth TGF Apoptosis | [25] |
KRG | Human (patients with female pattern hair loss) | Oral | Patients about the size of the vertex spot, hair loss on the top of scalp, bitemporal recession, hair shedding, hair quality, and overall satisfaction; group 2 was more satisfied at 24 weeks. | [68] | |
Ginsenoside Rg3 | Human DP cells | 1, 5, 10 μM | Dose-dependent increases in VEGF, CD8, CD34 Rg3 might increase hair growth through stimulation of hair-follicle stem cells | Growth | [69] |
Female C57BL/6 mice | 1000 μM | ||||
Red ginseng (RGE) | B6C3F1 mice | 20, 50 μg/mL | Hair growth-promoting assay using mouse vibrissal follicles in organ culture | Growth | [26] |
White ginseng (WGE) Ginsenoside-Rb1 (G-Rb1), Rg1 (G-Rg1), -Ro (G-Ro) | Mouse vibrissal hair follicles | 10 μg/mL | |||
Ginseng rhizome Ginsenoside Ro | C57BL/6 mice | extracts of red ginseng rhizomes (2 mg/mouse) and ginsenoside Ro (0.2 mg/mouse) | Inhibitory activity against 5αR in the androgenetic alopecia model. | 5aR | [27] |
Ginsenosides Rb1, Re, and Rg1 | Cultured hHFs | 2, 5, and 10 mg/mL PG extracts and 1 mM of the ginsenosides Rb1, Re and Rg1 | PG extract using hHF organ culture, and promoting hair growth through similar mechanisms to those of minoxidil. | 5aR | [36] |
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Choi, B.Y. Hair-Growth Potential of Ginseng and Its Major Metabolites: A Review on Its Molecular Mechanisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 2703. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092703
Choi BY. Hair-Growth Potential of Ginseng and Its Major Metabolites: A Review on Its Molecular Mechanisms. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(9):2703. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092703
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoi, Bu Young. 2018. "Hair-Growth Potential of Ginseng and Its Major Metabolites: A Review on Its Molecular Mechanisms" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 9: 2703. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092703