Analysis of Genetic Variation and Enhancement of Salt Tolerance in French Pea (Pisum Sativum L.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Crude Oil Content and Fatty Acid Analysis
2.2. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) Diversity Analysis
2.3. Marker–Trait Association
2.4. Salt Tolerance Test and the Effect of 5-Aminolevulinic Foliar Spray
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Plant Material
3.2. Pea Oil Content Estimation and Fatty Acid Analysis
3.3. Molecular Diversity Analysis
3.3.1. DNA Extraction and AFLP Analysis
3.3.2. AFLP Data Analysis
3.4. Marker–Trait Association
3.5. Salt Tolerance Test and The Effect of 5-Aminolevulinic Foliar Spray in Pea
3.5.1. Growth Conditions and Treatments
3.5.2. Determination of Contents of Photosynthetic Pigments
3.5.3. Antioxidant Enzymes Assay
3.5.4. Gene Expression Analysis
3.5.5. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cultivar/Variety | Palmitic (C16:0) | Stearic (C18:0) | Oleic (C18:1) | Linoleic (C18:2) | Linolenic (C18:3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Censeur | 15.8 | 14.7 | 23.2 | 33.4 | 12.4 |
Centurion | 16.7 | 15.8 | 23.3 | 33.2 | 12.2 |
Chemin Long | 17.1 | 16.2 | 24.1 | 35.2 | 13.4 |
Chenille Mouchette | 15.9 | 14.7 | 24.4 | 33.9 | 12.8 |
Clamart Nain Hatif | 14.8 | 14.3 | 24.2 | 34.1 | 13.2 |
Electricite | 16.1 | 15.7 | 23.2 | 33.4 | 12.7 |
Gali | 17.0 | 16.1 | 22.8 | 32.1 | 14.1 |
Gloire de Quimper | 18.2 | 14.8 | 24.3 | 32.8 | 13.2 |
Kalife | 15.8 | 15.1 | 22.4 | 31.6 | 11.8 |
Landrieu Fascie | 16.2 | 13.6 | 25.6 | 30.2 | 13.1 |
Myzar | 18.4 | 15.2 | 23.7 | 32.8 | 13.3 |
Nain Couturier | 16.4 | 15.0 | 22.8 | 31.7 | 12.7 |
Nain Ordinaire | 16.1 | 14.9 | 24.1 | 33.2 | 12.2 |
Orfeo | 15.6 | 14.7 | 22.8 | 33.6 | 13.4 |
Piver | 16.8 | 15.8 | 23.3 | 32.4 | 13.6 |
Rex | 14.9 | 13.9 | 20.6 | 29.8 | 14.0 |
Sachs Progress | 16.3 | 15.1 | 21.8 | 31.1 | 13.9 |
Souchet | 15.4 | 14.5 | 20.2 | 28.4 | 14.2 |
Starcovert | 16.6 | 15.3 | 23.4 | 31.2 | 12.6 |
Elatius 1 | 14.0 | 13.1 | 19.2 | 27.4 | 11.2 |
Elatius 2 | 14.2 | 12.8 | 18.7 | 26.2 | 11.0 |
Elatius 3 | 13.8 | 13.5 | 20.1 | 25.9 | 11.9 |
Arvense 1 | 14.4 | 14.1 | 20.8 | 26.1 | 12.2 |
Arvense 2 | 13.6 | 13.2 | 19.4 | 25.8 | 11.7 |
Arvense 3 | 14.6 | 15.0 | 21.3 | 24.8 | 12.4 |
AFLP Primer Sets | No. of Fragments | No. of Polymorphic Fragments | Polymorphism (%) | Gene Diversity | PIC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
E-ACA/M-CGA | 86 | 54 | 63.8 | 0.52 | 0.47 |
E-ACA/M-CTG | 89 | 51 | 57.3 | 0.58 | 0.54 |
E-AAC/M-CAA | 51 | 35 | 68.6 | 0.43 | 0.38 |
E-ATG/M-CAA | 56 | 33 | 58.9 | 0.39 | 0.36 |
E-AAA/M-CAC | 71 | 47 | 66.2 | 0.51 | 0.47 |
E-AAC/M-CAC | 37 | 23 | 62.2 | 0.38 | 0.34 |
E-ACA/M-CAC | 51 | 41 | 80.4 | 0.49 | 0.44 |
E-ATC/M-CAC | 62 | 44 | 70.9 | 0.37 | 0.33 |
E-ACA/M-CAG | 41 | 21 | 51.2 | 0.28 | 0.23 |
E-ATG/M-CAG | 31 | 19 | 61.3 | 0.21 | 0.16 |
E-AAT/M-CAT | 29 | 15 | 51.7 | 0.35 | 0.31 |
E-ATC/M-CAT | 65 | 40 | 61.5 | 0.41 | 0.37 |
Mean | 55.75 | 35.25 | 62.83 | 0.41 | 0.37 |
Cultivar/Variety | Ho | He | F | PIC |
---|---|---|---|---|
Censeur | 0.291 | 0.425 | 0.371 | 0.391 |
Centurion | 0.312 | 0.392 | 0.244 | 0.352 |
Chemin Long | 0.321 | 0.388 | 0.187 | 0.344 |
Chenille Mouchette | 0.197 | 0.311 | 0.351 | 0.281 |
Clamart Nain Hatif | 0.221 | 0.359 | 0.389 | 0.315 |
Electricite | 0.198 | 0.291 | 0.304 | 0.262 |
Gali | 0.258 | 0.321 | 0.211 | 0.282 |
Gloire de Quimper | 0.321 | 0.424 | 0.302 | 0.374 |
Kalife | 0.294 | 0.356 | 0.182 | 0.311 |
Landrieu Fascie | 0.281 | 0.399 | 0.332 | 0.355 |
Myzar | 0.265 | 0.317 | 0.151 | 0.272 |
Nain Couturier | 0.274 | 0.392 | 0.361 | 0.348 |
Nain Ordinaire | 0.311 | 0.477 | 0.421 | 0.416 |
Orfeo | 0.292 | 0.411 | 0.362 | 0.372 |
Piver | 0.231 | 0.397 | 0.441 | 0.352 |
Rex | 0.262 | 0.225 | −0.124 | 0.188 |
Sachs Progress | 0.254 | 0.413 | 0.458 | 0.372 |
Souchet | 0.199 | 0.314 | 0.361 | 0.272 |
Starcovert | 0.311 | 0.282 | −0.102 | 0.244 |
Elatius 1 | 0.281 | 0.391 | 0.331 | 0.344 |
Elatius 2 | 0.313 | 0.262 | −0.152 | 0.238 |
Elatius 3 | 0.224 | 0.212 | −0.039 | 0.184 |
Arvense 1 | 0.314 | 0.427 | 0.334 | 0.387 |
Arvense 2 | 0.322 | 0.462 | 0.421 | 0.411 |
Arvense 3 | 0.278 | 0.401 | 0.397 | 0.362 |
Mean | 0.273 | 0.362 | 0.260 | 0.321 |
NaCl Treatment | ALA (6 ppm) | Carotenoid (mg g−1 FW) | Chl a (mg g−1 FW) | Chl b (mg g−1 FW) | Total Chl (mg g−1 FW) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 mM | −ALA | 0.28 ± 0.09 c | 2.27 ± 0.14 c | 1.21 ± 0.08 c | 3.48 ± 0.11 c |
+ALA | 0.38 ± 0.06 a | 2.46 ± 0.18 a | 1.36 ± 0.05 a | 3.82 ± 0.12 a | |
150 mM | −ALA | 0.25 ± 0.08 c | 2.21 ± 0.14 c | 1.16 ± 0.07 c | 3.37 ± 0.15 c |
+ALA | 0.31 ± 0.09 b | 2.29 ± 0.11 b | 1.28 ± 0.05 b | 3.57 ± 0.13 b |
NaCl Treatment | ALA (6 ppm) | Carotenoid (mg g−1 FW) | Chl a (mg g−1 FW) | Chl b (mg g−1 FW) | Total Chl (mg g−1 FW) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 mM | −ALA | 0.26 ± 0.05 b | 2.18 ± 0.12 b | 1.16 ± 0.07 b | 3.34 ± 0.10 b |
+ALA | 0.31 ± 0.06 a | 2.42 ± 0.11 a | 1.52 ± 0.09 a | 3.94 ± 0.15 a | |
150 mM | −ALA | 0.18 ± 0.07 c | 1.72 ± 0.12 d | 0.94 ± 0.04 d | 2.66 ± 0.12 c |
+ ALA | 0.25 ± 0.05 b | 1.95 ± 0.10 c | 1.13 ± 0.07 c | 2.08 ± 0.11 d |
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El-Esawi, M.A.; Al-Ghamdi, A.A.; Ali, H.M.; Alayafi, A.A.; Witczak, J.; Ahmad, M. Analysis of Genetic Variation and Enhancement of Salt Tolerance in French Pea (Pisum Sativum L.). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 2433. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19082433
El-Esawi MA, Al-Ghamdi AA, Ali HM, Alayafi AA, Witczak J, Ahmad M. Analysis of Genetic Variation and Enhancement of Salt Tolerance in French Pea (Pisum Sativum L.). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(8):2433. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19082433
Chicago/Turabian StyleEl-Esawi, Mohamed A., Abdullah A. Al-Ghamdi, Hayssam M. Ali, Aisha A. Alayafi, Jacques Witczak, and Margaret Ahmad. 2018. "Analysis of Genetic Variation and Enhancement of Salt Tolerance in French Pea (Pisum Sativum L.)" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 8: 2433. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19082433