DNA Vaccines—How Far From Clinical Use?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Course of Action of DNA Vaccines
3. DNA Vaccines in the Clinic
4. Optimization of DNA Vaccines
4.1. Promotor
4.2. Antigen
4.3. Adjuvant
4.4. Vector Backbone
5. Nano-Carriers for Transfer of DNA Vaccines
- (i)
- (ii)
- The delivery system has to show stability against serum proteins that may form a protein corona around the NC and thereby affect its targeting and uptake efficiency [134].
- (iii)
- After uptake by the cell, the NC cargo has to evade endo/lysosomal degradation and to enter the cytoplasm by endosomal escape [153]. While released mRNA is translated directly in the cytoplasm, DNA vaccines need to translocate into the nucleus for subsequent transcription which may be enhanced by NLS [154].
5.1. Nano-Carriers Composed of Inorganic Material
5.2. Lipid-Based Nano-Carriers
5.3. Protein-Based Nano-Carriers
5.4. Polymeric Nano-Carriers
6. Route of Vaccination
7. Targeting of Antigen Presenting Cells
8. Concluding Remarks
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
APC | antigen presenting cell |
AuNP | gold nanoparticle |
CLR | C-type lectin receptor |
CPP | cell penetrating peptide |
CNT | carbon nanotube |
CTL | cytotoxic T lymphocyte Cutaneous and Mucosal HIV Vaccination |
CUTHIVAC | cutaneous and mucosal HIV vaccination |
DC | dendritic cell |
DC-SIGN | dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin |
DC-STAMP | dendrocyte expressed seven transmembrane protein |
DOTAP | N-[1-(2,3-Dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride |
IRF | interferon-regulatory factor |
HLA | human leukocyte antigen |
LC | Langerhans cell |
MDSC | myeloid-derived suppressor cell |
MHC | major histocompatibility class |
NC | nano-carrier |
NK | natural killer cell |
miRNA | micro-RNA |
NF-κB | nuclear factor ‘kappa-light-chain-enhancer’ of activated B-cells |
NLS | nuclear localization signal |
PEG | polyethyleneglycol |
PEI | polyethylenimine |
PLGA | poly-d,l-lactic-coglycolic acid |
scFv | single chain antibody fragment |
SV40 | Simian virus 40 |
TAA | tumor-associated antigen |
TAM | tumor-associated macrophage |
Th | T helper cell |
TLR | toll-like receptor |
Treg | regulatory T cell |
VLP | virus-like particle |
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Hobernik, D.; Bros, M. DNA Vaccines—How Far From Clinical Use? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 3605. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113605
Hobernik D, Bros M. DNA Vaccines—How Far From Clinical Use? International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(11):3605. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113605
Chicago/Turabian StyleHobernik, Dominika, and Matthias Bros. 2018. "DNA Vaccines—How Far From Clinical Use?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 11: 3605. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113605