Effects of Short-Term Probiotic Ingestion on Immune Profiles and Microbial Translocation among HIV-1-Infected Vietnamese Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. LcS Ingestion Did Not Induce Significant Clinical Events
2.2. LcS Ingestion Improved Physical and Clinical Parameters
2.3. LcS Ingestion Increased CD4+ Cells, Especially Th2 and Th17 Subsets
2.4. LcS Ingestion Induced a Dramatic Decline in CD8+ Cell Activation But Not in Monocyte Activation
2.5. LcS Ingestion Induced a Decrease in Plasma Viral Load (VL) in HIV(+) Children
2.6. LcS Ingestion Did Not Significantly Change Microbial Translocation
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Design and Subjects
4.2. Study Schedule
4.3. Clinical Laboratory Measurement
4.4. Plasma HIV Viral Load
4.5. Immunological Analysis
4.6. Detection of Bacterial Ribosomal RNA Genes (rDNA) in Plasma
4.7. Detection of Bacterial Ribosomal RNA Molecules (rRNA) in Whole Blood
4.8. Statistical Analysis
4.9. Study Approval
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Target Bacteria | HIV(+) (n = 31) | ART(+) (n = 29) | HIV(−) (n = 20) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Week 0 | Week 4 | Week 8 | Week 12 | Week 0 | Week 4 | Week 8 | Week 12 | Week 0 | Week 8 | |
Clostridium coccoides group | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Clostridium leptum subgroup | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Bacteroides fragilis group | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Bifidobacterium | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Atopobium cluster | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Prevotella | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 37.1 [1/29] | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Enterobacteriaceae | ND | ND | 2.0 [1/31] | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Streptococcus | 17.8 [1/31] | 13.8 [2/31] | 1.8 ± 0.5 [3/31] | ND | ND | 23.7 [2/29] | 20.7 [1/29] | 3.0 [2/29] | ND | 3.5 [2/20] |
Enterococcus | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Staphylococcus | * 35.5 ± 15.0 # [7/31] | 38.7 [2/31] | 25.6 ± 6.5 [4/31] | 19.8 ± 11.9 [9/30] | ND | 26.4 [1/29] | 49.1 [2/29] | 16.2 ± 7.8 [5/29] | 23.2 [1/20] | 35.1 ± 43.8 [4/20] |
Pseudomonas | 2.9 [1/31] | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.9 [2/29] | 1.5 [1/29] | ND | 3.3 [2/20] | ND |
Lactobacillus casei subgroup | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
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Ishizaki, A.; Bi, X.; Nguyen, L.V.; Matsuda, K.; Pham, H.V.; Phan, C.T.T.; Khu, D.T.K.; Ichimura, H. Effects of Short-Term Probiotic Ingestion on Immune Profiles and Microbial Translocation among HIV-1-Infected Vietnamese Children. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 2185. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18102185
Ishizaki A, Bi X, Nguyen LV, Matsuda K, Pham HV, Phan CTT, Khu DTK, Ichimura H. Effects of Short-Term Probiotic Ingestion on Immune Profiles and Microbial Translocation among HIV-1-Infected Vietnamese Children. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017; 18(10):2185. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18102185
Chicago/Turabian StyleIshizaki, Azumi, Xiuqiong Bi, Lam Van Nguyen, Kazunori Matsuda, Hung Viet Pham, Chung Thi Thu Phan, Dung Thi Khanh Khu, and Hiroshi Ichimura. 2017. "Effects of Short-Term Probiotic Ingestion on Immune Profiles and Microbial Translocation among HIV-1-Infected Vietnamese Children" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18, no. 10: 2185. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18102185